The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essays

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essays The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essay The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Different Aims of Punishment Essay The definition of crime is breaking the laws set by the State and the general agreement of people is that if someone commits a crime they should be punished in some way. Punishment practices are ancient; we accept them without question. However, punishment requires justification, as it is an infliction of pain upon an individual. What is the justification of punishment? What are its aims? Before the aims of punishment can be discussed why people commit crimes should be examined to further understand how we should punish. Some people believe that all human actions are caused by factors outside human control, these people are hard determinists. John Locke, a philosopher, believed moral choice was an illusion. He gave the example of a man sleeping in a locked room, man wakes and decides to stay in the room, he thinks he has a free choice to do so but he does not know it is locked. His ignorance makes him believe he has a choice. This relates to punishment and punishment must presuppose moral blame. No person can be held morally blameworthy if they have no freedom of choice. This suggests punishment is irrelevant as no one can be held responsible for his or her actions. Clarence Darrow, a US attorney who was also a determinist argued just that point. In 1924 two youths kidnapped and murdered a 14 year old boy, Darrow pleaded for mercy on the grounds that it was the boys environment that was the cause of their crime. Darrow was successful in his argument; the boys were saved from death. Darrow was not suggesting that the criminals shouldnt be punished as one aim of punishment is to protect society, but he questioned the common assumption that criminals are morally responsible for what they do. Libertarians do not reject determinism completely but they do deny the principle of universal causation, which states that human actions can be predicted. They distinguish between personality and moral self. A person may be pre-disposed to steal because of their personality but their moral self may stop them from doing so. So Libertarians would see the aim of punishment to penalise criminals as they can be held morally accountable for their actions. John Stewart Mill states that we use the past as an excuse for ones actions as we fear the responsibility of freedom, but the past does influence our actions. One aim of punishment is as a deterrent and this is stated in the utilitarian theory. This looks at the consequences of punishment and decides if the punishment is right or wrong by the principle of utility, which is if it does or does not increase the sum total of human happiness. A famous Utilitarian Bentham said punishment involves pain so it is an evil, however it is justifiable if the increase in pain for the criminal leads to the prevention of crime therefore an increase in societys happiness. He saw punishment as an instrument for good with a deterrent effect. The infliction of pain is motive not to re-offend. it also includes the final incapacitation, imprisonment or death. Punishment also protects society by making it physically impossible to re-offend. Another approach to punishment is the Deontological theory. In this theory the aim of punishment is retribution. The theory states a punishment should fit a crime, that it is unjust to impose a sentence on a criminal which they didnt deserve, for example if a few drivers who parked illegally were hung others would be deterred but this would be unjust. This theory believes that there is a moral imbalance caused by crime which must be corrected by punishment and it concentrates on the criminal rather than the victim. The retributive theory is similar to the Old Testament views on punishment, e. g. an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. The idea being that the criminal must repay society that an injustice would be done if someone could inflict pain without having it inflicted upon him. Here retribution links in with the utilitarian theory as retribution also has a deterrent effect. If you know that chopping off a mans hand leads to you losing your hand, then you would think twice about doing it. The idea of retribution is appealing to the general public, for example hanging a Nazi war criminal forty years after his crime had been committed. No victims would be brought back to life, but it would be seen that he had paid for his crimes with his life. Cant, a German philosopher, believed executions were necessary unless society decided to forget all about injustice, unless murderers are executed people would behave like justice didnt matter. R. S. Downie was also an advocate of the retributive theory. He said that this theory is often seen as barbarism but provides a safeguard against the inhumane sacrifice of the individual for the social good. Brunner sees the theory of punishment also in Biblical terms. He sees punishment as achieving a moral balance similar thinking as the atonement of our sins. Brunner believed the penal system is flawed and the guilty should make expiation for their offences. De Wolf was also a Christian thinker and in his work Crime and Justice in America he attempted to show a Christian perspective on the Criminal Justice System. He listed a set of ethical norms of criminal justice by which our system should be evaluated. Consistence and coherence with realities. Benevolent good will and respect towards all person. Equal rights for all persons. Presumption of innocence. Special care to protect poor, weak and unpopular from unfair treatment. Restoration of community and responsibility of all individuals to the community. An opposing view on the aims of punishment is the idea of rehabilitation and reform. Here the focus is on the criminal, someone who couldnt cope with society due to a weakness. In helping them society will benefit, society should help them overcome their negative tendencies. Society should find a way to change them or reform them to bring them back to Society. Controlling or suppressing criminal tendencies, re-education or psychological treatment can do this. The idea is that the criminal is sick rather than wicked and needs help rather than punishment. It can be seen, as utilitarian in its outlook as it aims to have an improving effect on people, which in turn will benefit Society. In the Bible God punishes to reform the wicked happy indeed is the man who God corrects. In the 19th Century Christians used solitary confinement to achieve rehabilitation. Criminals had time to think about their evil deeds and repent. Prisoners were shut away from each other and cared for by chaplains. The Reformation and Rehabilitation theory disagreed with other ideas of the aims of punishment as they see prisons as a place where criminals enhance their criminal skills. How can you teach someone to be free when they are behind bars? The Reform and Rehabilitation theory believes in alternatives to traditional punishment, for example, probation, parole and community service, the latter even benefits society. An advocate of this theory was Crook. He saw punishment and crime as the responsibility of society. He suggested that everyone is responsible for the actions, but they are influenced by society. He believed it was possible to predict persons actions so therefore society should share in the responsibility for the offenders crime. He saw our legal system as wrong as individuals pay the price at the hands of our system. He believed society must pay the price of correcting these dangerous and destructive situations. John Hospers discussed a compromise view in which he combined retribution and reformation. He was a determinist and as such he saw men as not responsible for their actions, if a man commits murder because he ate a certain combination of foods, for example ham and cheese, we could not hold him morally responsible for his crime as it would be the ham and cheese which made him do it. He believed punishment should meet two conditions, that it should be deserved and that it should do well to someone the victim, the offender, society or all three. To meet the latter he suggested that the penal system shouldnt focus on punishment but treatment. He does not state he is a Christian thinker but his ideas are in line with Christian ideology. The philosopher Moberlys ideas were on a par with Hospers ideas. Moberly produced a theory, which combined elements of the retributive and reform aspects of punishment. He envisaged punishment as a form of ritual or mirror to bring criminals to their senses by representing crudely the moral deterioration, which had already taken place within them. Moberly believed the criminal had inflicted a wound upon society. He thought the penalty inflicted must symbolise and be felt to symbolise a double role of punishment, so imprisonment means the person imprisoned is unsuited to membership of society, however Moberly felt that the punishment in relation to the crime is artificial. He saw serious limitations to the effectiveness of punishment. He believed that there are authorities far too amoral to impose punishment and some criminals are too incorrigible and incapable from benefiting from it. At the other end of the scale he saw a intermediate moral region people who are truly repentant and communities too morally advanced to need punishment. Moberly sees that some criminals may not benefit from punishment but they still need to be taken out of circulation to protect the public. However, Moberly does not think that the people segregated from society should be left to rot in low quality prisons. In conclusion these theories seem to stand up on their own merit at first glance, but on closer inspection it is clear they have their flaws. The utilitarian aim of punishment is as a deterrent; however, it does not always deter people. Prisons are often just universities of crime simply making matters worse. Also the fear of punishment can lead to crime for example someone stealing money to prevent going to jail for not paying a fine. The theory of deterrence can be used to justify punishing the innocent on the grounds that it serves to deter others. The utilitarian idea assumes we have a legal system that will produce good results, but the threat of punishment is not very effective in reducing crime or preventing serious crimes such as murder or rape. The philosopher Hoose believed the deterrent effect does have some effect on crime but that it is far from automatic. He pointed out that when the death penalty was abandoned in Canada the homicide rate went down. The Dentological view that retribution is the aim of punishment also has criticisms as it could be seen as the harshest of all the aims of punishment. Gandhi said that if the retributive theory and eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth was used throughout the world the world would soon be blind and toothless. Christians should see that the retributive theory is wrong as Jesus taught forgiveness and co-operation not retribution only God has righteousness and judgement. Also many people argue that all retribution does is satisfy a primitive and barbarous desire for revenge. In Exodus it states an eye for an eye but how do we determine which punishment fits which crime? How long should the punishment be? This theory has too many unanswerable questions. Karl Menninger believed retribution was immoral and ineffective. He saw it as useless and expensive. He believed in rehabilitation and reform as he saw the criminal as a patient and that crime was a disease that people could be cured of. However, the theory of rehabilitation and reform is not without its critics. C. S. Lewis stated rehabilitation and reform does not really have an effect on people, that it is pointless. Some people are beyond help. Can a man who rapes and kills his family be helped? The theory in question also overlooks social advantages of deterrents. If there were not deterrents then how could psychologists and prison officers cope with the sheer numbers that would need help. As with the retributive theory the question of how long a punishment should be arises. A murderers chance of a repeat offence is low but a thief is much more likely to repeat his offence. Should the thief be given a longer sentence than the murderer? Also recent statistics by the prison reform trust show that probation and community service have not proved more effective than prison in stopping re offending. For example 57% of men and 40% of women discharged from prison in 1987 re offended in two years. The figures for probation and community service were 56% men, 37% women, 55% men, and 41% women re offended. The re-offending rate of prisoners is more than those in community service but not on a large enough scale to make a difference. This theory is supposed to be about reform but the way criminals are cured by mind altering drugs, surgery or brain washing is not reform. It is just creating a brand new person. The criminal loses the right to be him or herself in that case. C. S Lewis also stated his humanitarian theory, that in rehabilitation and reform the criminal becomes the case and not a person subject to rights. I believe that the most feasible of the aims of punishment is that put forward by Moberly and Hospers. Their views of compromise seem to be a very logical aim of punishment. Their ideas do not over punish criminals nor do they leave the victims feeling as if justice has not been served. Moberly also suggests that in some cases punishment may not be necessary. Retributivists however, may advocate punishment is a duty in all circumstances, but surely if in a particular case punishment would probably make matters worse and an alternative action, for example kindness, would improve matters, the morally right course of action would be the latter.

Definition and Examples of Verbiage in English

Definition and Examples of Verbiage in English Definition Verbiage is the use of more words than necessary to effectively convey meaning in speech or writing: wordiness. Contrast with conciseness. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines verbiage as [s]uperfluous abundance of words, tedious prose without much meaning, excessive wordiness, verbosity. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AcademeseBafflegabBattologyBloviationBomphiologiaCampaign to Cut the Clutter: Zinssers BracketsLiterature and the Schoolmam, by H.L. MenckenOn Sadlers Bombastic Declamations, by Thomas Babington MacaulayOverwritingPadding (Composition)Purple ProseThe Style of Woodrow, by H.L. Mencken EtymologyFrom the Old French, to chatter   Examples and Observations What I am afraid of is: verbiage.(Joseph Conrad, letter to Hugh Walpole, December 2, 1902)It is a midden and a criminal haunt and packed to the gills each split-up low deceiving house and alley with footpads and coiners and runners of poor women, with uncertificated pox-doctors and cat-gut spinners, with tripe-merchants and rumour-mongers and rabbit-breeders and slaughterers of the peace of the Lord. Why must your brother lodge there, Claffey? Could he not come here to us at Cockspur Street?He may do that yet, Claffey said.As for the man you call Sligdoes he not keep that infamous cellar where we lodged when we were freshly arrived?By the dripping blood of Christ! Vance said. I am sick of your verbiage. Slig is a sworn brother of mine. Slig gave you straw and a shelter for fourpence. Infamous cellar? It was a usual kind of cellar. I tell you, OBrienit was good, of its kind.Sick of my verbiage? the Giant said. Sick of my stories, also?I leave them to the brutes that want soothing.(Hil ary Mantel, The Giant, OBrien. Henry Holt, 1998) Excess Verbiage- Dont bore your audience with excess verbiage: be succinct.(Sharon Weiner-Green and Ira K. Wolf, How to Prepare for the GRE, 16th ed. Barrons Educational Series, 2005)- Using excess with verbiage is redundant. Verbiage by itself means wordiness or an excess of words. Thus, you could say that the phrase excess verbiage is verbiage.(Adrienne Robins, The Analytical Writer: A College Rhetoric, 2nd ed. Collegiate Press, 1996)- Part of the complexity of the problem with verbosity, wordiness and excess verbiage comes from the not uncommon tendency for individual people to use too many extra unnecessary words that are definitely not needed to make the actual clarity of the specific communication crystal clear.Lets rewrite that sentence, cutting out the verbiage: Verbosity is the use of more words than necessary for clear communication. Weve gone from 45 words to 12.(Timothy R. V. Foster, Better Business Writing. Kogan Page, 2002) Euphemisms and VerbiageEuphemisms are not, as many young people think, useless verbiage for that which can and should be said bluntly; they are like secret agents on a delicate mission, they must airily pass by a stinking mess with barely so much as a nod of the head. Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne.(Quentin Crisp, Manners from Heaven, 1984) Oratorical Verbiage[A] characteristic ingredient in all epideictic oratory and literature [is] the opportunity it affords the rhetor for self-display. . . . But this same opportunity for self-display runs the risk of deliquescing into crass showmanship, false posing, hollow oracularity, empty verbiage, mere rhetoricas it does in the Roman period known as the Second Sophistic, and does again in [Robert] Frosts weakest poems (cracker barrel wisdom, clever trivia; to some high moderns the ordure of the ordinary). This remains a standing temptation to any epideictic rhetor and marks an extreme distance from epideictics original concern with the health of the civic polity.(Walter Jost, Epiphany and Epideictic: The Low Modernist Lyric in Robert Frost. A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism, ed. by Walter Jost and Wendy Olmsted. Blackwell, 2004) The Lighter Side of VerbiageStubb: Took you long enough, you dithering imbecile! Weve been waiting in that swamp for so long, Ill be pul ling leeches off me nether parts for ages!Jack Sparrow: Ah Stubb, your verbiage always conjures up such a lovely image.(Stephen Stanton and Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow, 2006) Pronunciation: VUR-bee-ij Alternate Spellings: verbage (generally regarded as an error)

HNC Electrical Engineering Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

HNC Electrical Engineering Project - Essay Example As the proposed building extension is to be progressed beyond the feasibility stage, this project proposal has been requested by the Estates and Facilities Department within the Trust to examine the proposals for the upgrading of the existing standby electricity generation provision in order to supply the extension. This project intends to give a detailed design and testing of the electrical generator system for the expanded building. 1.1. The electrical layout of the Royal Lancaster Infirmary: The electrical load requirement of the existing Royal Lancaster Infirmary, is in the high voltage range. The maximum electrical load demand of the existing sites peaks to around 875 KVA. According to the guidelines of the management policy of the Health Technical Memorandum 2011 (1992), this electrical load requirement is being satisfied by two 500 ampere, 11 KV high tension supply running in parallel. The incoming 11KV is taken to an incoming breaker through a RMG from the incoming breaker, t he 11 KV supply is passed on to the group coil breaker. From the group coil breaker, it gets split into four transformers for supply boost up. There are four high tension breakers connecting the group coil breakers to the four transformers. To satisfy the load demand, two transformers of 500 KVA and two transformers of 315 KVA are used. ... Among the existing buildings, most of the electrical consumption is due to the demand in the medical unit that comprises the blood storage unit, the coronary care unit, the wards. These sections of the hospital demand critical supply of electrical power. The medical unit encompasses the plant rooms in the roof and the basement. The other units like the women’s unit, the wards, the pharmacy, the pathology unit, the kitchen cum restaurant also consume considerable power. The wiring layout does not split the essential and critical sections of the electrical requirement from that of the non essential sections. Hence at present the generator load is same as the entire site load. The generator that is operational at present is a single generator that has a capacity of 530 KV at around 750 amps. This set up is already highly loaded and the possibility of additional load is less. Also the existing generator is class 2 type and is capable of handling only 50% of the rated capacity. To manage this, there are additional control systems that shed the load of non critical systems. 1.2. The current problem in electrical backup: The electrical requirement of the existing building as discussed earlier is being satisfied by a single generator. In this context, the proposal for extending two more phases of the hospital building has led to additional electrical load. The proposed new building phases include that of the phase 3 building called as the centenary building and the phase 4 building which is a new extension in the Royal Lancaster Infirmary site. The centenary building encompasses many blocks. The various blocks include the accident and emergency unit, radiology unit, paediatric unit and the HSDU unit. These major units are located in the

Roles of Nurses in the Camps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roles of Nurses in the Camps - Research Paper Example Over 10 million Syrians have fled from their homes as presidents Bashar al-Assad’s military fight with those against his rule as well as the jihadist military from the Islamic state. Violence increased and the country went into civil war, hence forcing Syrians to flee to refugee camps, for example, Zaatari refugee camp. Â  Nurses in the refugee camp counsel the traumatized patients. Many of the displaced people witnessed the death of their family members. (Choo, Hutchinson, & Bucknall, 2010). However, it is the role of a nurse to make them feel safe and help them adapt to the new environment. Provision of health education to the vulnerable displaced people, for example, the hepatitis A outbreak in the Za’atari camp due to unhygienic conditions. The nurses visited schools explaining the importance of washing hands after visiting the toilet and before handling food. The nurses do vaccination of measles on people under the age of 30 before getting in the camp, in addition to undertaking prenatal care and delivery of babies in the camp. They also taught the women the importance of family planning asks for better working equipment in the refugee camp to increase saving lives. One of the nursing values is promoting the health of a patient and their well-being. Sometimes nurses have to make autonom ous decisions, for example breaking shocking news that an individual is tested positive for HIV/AIDS (Choo, Hutchinson, & Bucknall, 2010). Â  Empowered nurses are allowed to admit/discharge patients. Support of patients living with HIV/AIDS is a role of a nurse. Patients who are supported feel accepted and loved. The researchers in the Zaatari camp health care center look for ways to improve the healthcare services. The research nurses uncover ways to improve the lives of patients living with chronic diseases such as cancer (Wintersgill & Wheeler, 2012).

Self identity before divorce Essay Example for Free

Self identity before divorce Essay In marriage women may become so submissive to their husbands that they lose their identity. This is especially for women who have been married for a long time. Many women feel so insecure without their spouse. Counselors can help such women to restore their self worth. This helps the women to regain their self respect and also know that she deserves to be respected too. Through this their self esteem is brought back to normal. Most women have been helped to leave their overdependence on their partners. Marital counseling helps to validate the partners’ individuality. Communication styles After parents going through divorce, children need to be communicated to so that they can understand what exactly happened. It is good to note that children may understand such matters quite differently from how the parents understand. While it is important for parents to talk to their children about divorce, it is worth noting that this is a hard task. For instance if the parents could have had a conflict . They need to use the right communication styles to put this across to the children. When it is well done, their trust is built. Clues and cues Children are not emotionally and even intellectually mature. They do not express themselves as adults do. Young children always pass across their message through drawing, playing and writing among others. Parents need to be keen to these activities to understand what their children are saying concerning divorce. Their facial expressions will always speak a lot and parents need to understand this after going through a divorce. Listening Most people who have divorced always just need a listening ear. They need to share their pains sorrows and disappointments to the family members. Sisters, brothers and even parents need to be good listeners at such a point. It is good to let the affected person to do more of the talking and pour out his or her own heart. During such trying times the parents who have separated need to be good listeners too to their children. A parent can paraphrase the child’s words and speak them over again to show that he or she has understood. In such a way the parents can understand what their children are going through after their divorce. They could be angry or even fearful. Indirect communication Divorce issues can be very complex for young children to understand. Children can be explained to using indirect means of communication. Story telling, use of dolls and drawings can help in passing across the message. Story telling can be very effective in communicating to the very small children A parent can tell a story about children who went through such an issue. How they missed their mum or dad and the way they coped. This helps children to know that they are not just the only ones who go through such issues of parents divorcing. Through this parents will always learn what their children feel about the divorce. The parent that is staying with the children should help them to cope with the matters at hand. When the right communication styles are used in a marriage, divorce can be avoided. Some of this communication styles always trigger people to divorce. Criticism There are some partners who never see anything positive in their spouses. They only see the negatives. Criticism speech between spouses makes them have low self esteem. Women are more prone to this and it may aggravate divorce. Defensiveness Some married men and women are quite defensive when they make mistakes in marriage. They are just not responsible for their actions. This is not right style of communication and such characters influence people to divorce. Roles During the process o divorce parents should spell out clearly each individual’s roles and duties in the family. In case, if children are present, where they will stay. There are instances where the wife may have really valued the role of the husband in taking care of the family needs. When divorce occurs such women will more often than not devalue the role of their partners. When people go through divorce, there are those that neglect their roles as fathers or mothers. The very fact that the man and the wife are no longer married does not mean that they cease to be mothers to their children or parents in general. In such circumstances, the children suffer and yet they are not the cause to the divorcing of their parents. There are some parents who neglect their family roles when they are married hence leading to divorce. A woman whose husband is less concerned about his roles and duties will opt for divorce. Boundaries After a couple divorcing, there are boundaries that are set between the two that they are not supposed to cross. One of the boundaries involves intimacy. They can put this boundary in such a way that none of the two has the right to demand for his or her conjugal rights. Most women who divorce from a conflicting marriage mostly bar the husband from seeing the children. This can be very traumatizing to the man. There are also boundaries that are put concerning the right to property. Before a divorce occurred a woman may have had the right to use his husband’s car. After divorce, a boundary is put that in case she uses the car she will have gone too far. In such a case the man can even take a legal action against her. In this twenty first century, people are crossing boundaries to marry men and women from other ethnic groups. There are high rates of interracial marriages. Research shows that such marriages have got high divorce rates. Alliances There are so many alliances that exist in the world today. Divorce in today’s society has really increased leading to families forming associations. These associations help the divorcees to cope after the divorce. Such associations normally consist of families that have gone through the same. The individuals are comforted and encouraged to go on with life. Resiliency This is simply bouncing back or coming back to normal operations. After divorce happening to a family, it may not come back to normal immediately. A divorcee may find it hard to forget his partner. Divorce in itself makes the parties to go through moments of pain, especially the emotional one. Some of the separations come along with traumatic grief on the individuals. Especially if a person still loves the other partner. Coming to terms with reality in such a case may not be easy for any one. Some people in order to come back to their old self may have some denial or rigid defenses. Professionals like counselors always help the individuals to regain there self worth in the society. This is because divorce makes people feel very useless, unwanted and unappreciated in the society. Other family friend and members should help the divorcees to come back to their normal self. It is good to note that people regain at different rates. There are some that may bounce back to their normal self very fast. Others take quite a long time to come to terms with reality. People who accept that it happened will always regain very fast. Metaphor This is simply figurative language that describes an issue or a topic. In conjunction to the topic of divorce here is a metaphor to reflect a family dealing with it. Example Once upon a time there was a farmer who lived in Drasel village. He was very hard working and everybody admired this. The farmer was known as Mr. Tim. He had a very good cow which he had named Lando. Mr Tim really loved his one and only cow, Lando. He usually woke up very early to cut Napier grass for his cow. This is because he really loved his cow. He could milk his cow at exactly five a. m. Lando was a very productive animal. He would give Mr. Tim fifteen litters of milk. This made him a very happy man. He would brag about his cow to the villagers. This went on for the first two weeks. After this things really changed. Lando simply refused to produce milk. Mr. Tim tried all that he could but to no avail. He brought more Napier grass for Lando and sprayed her every day. He even cleaned Lando each day but nothing seemed to please him. Instead Lando would kick him hard whenever he moved closer. Soon the villagers started to laugh at Tim. He was ashamed of his one and only cow. So what is the need of keeping a cow which doesn’t produce milk? Tim kept on asking himself. After all I can get another one! This is exactly what he did. He sold the cow and bought another one. Explanation Tim represents a husband while Lando in this case is the wife. When they were newly married the wife was very good. She treated her husband well and bore him children. The husband was good to her throughout this period. He gives her enough money, cares for her and shows his love for her. He even brags about his sweet wife to the villagers. After sometime the wife changes completely. She becomes rude to her husband. The husband continues to be caring, loving and to provide for her. She even refuses to conceive claiming the children are enough! The man becomes a laughing stock in the village. He considers divorcing her. According to him, his wife is no longer worth the marriage. After all, women are very available. That is exactly what he does. This metaphor illustrates the causes of divorce in many marriages. What I have learnt To be sincere this subject has taught me a lot. I am now fully aware of the things that can cause divorce. I have learnt how I can deal with loss of my partner through divorce. God forbid, I pray that it never happens! The issue of communication styles has been of help to me. I hope to implement them in my personal relationships. I can now understand what divorcees go through in relation to their self esteem. I hope to be of great help to them in dealing with this. Questions for research This subject should have further research carried out. One of the questions is; what is the relationship of technopoly to divorce in the twenty first century? Technopoly is simply the surrender of society to technological advancement. An example is the internet and sex technologies. The other question is; what is the relationship between traditional culture and divorce in today’s society. In relation to this, one can find out if men and women still embrace the traditional culture and how this is affecting the divorce rates. The last question is; why are divorce rates high in developed nations as compared to the developing countries. This will include the factors that are affecting the different rates. Conclusion Divorce rates have really increased since the twenty first century. It is defined as the dissolution of marriage while both parties are still alive. This has become such a challenge to most families. Dealing with loss in case of divorce can be hard. People who go through it need professional counseling. Some people even lose their identity and this mostly affects women. People should assist such families to be resilient as soon as possible. It is not an easy thing to deal with divorce. Married people should learn the best communication styles to pass across information to partners. People need to be educated on the importance of marriage and the negative effects of divorce on families. References Hetherington, E. and Kelly, J.(2000): For better or for worse; Divorce reconsidered, New York; Norton Jacob, L. and Simon, V. (1995): Facilitating healthy divorce processes; Therapy and mediation approaches; In N. Jacobson A. Gurman (Eds. ); Clinical handbook of couple therapy, NewYork; Guilford Press (pp. 340-365). Wallerstein, J. Blakeslee, S. (1989): Second chances; Men, women, and children a decade after divorce; New York; Ticknor Fields Walsh, F. (1998b): Strengthening family resilience; New York, Guilford Press Whiteside, M. (1998): The parental alliance following divorce; An overview; Journal of Marital and Family Therapy; 24; 3-24.

The Invention of the Telephone and How It Has Changed Over the Years Es

The Invention of the Telephone and How It Has Changed Over the Years About 100 years ago, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone by accident with his assistant Mr. Watson. Over many years, the modern version of the telephone makes the one that Bell invented look like a piece of junk. Developments in tone dialing, call tracing, music on hold, and electronic ringers have greatly changed the telephone. This marvelous invention allows us to communicate with the entire globe 24 hours a day just by punching in a simple telephone number. It is the most used piece of electronic apparatus in the world. It is probably one of the most easy to use electronics available too. All you have to do is pick up the receiver, listen for the tone, and then select a number using either tone or pulsing dial. A telephone can be separated into two main categories: there is the tone (touch tone) or the older rotary dial (pulse) telephones. Then you can divide those into other categories such as business line (multi -- line) or home line (single line). You can also have many other types of phones: there are those that hang on the wall, on the desk, etc. THE HANDSET No matter what kind of telephone you own, there has to be some device that allows you to talk to and listen to. This device is called the handset. The handset is usually made out of plastic and inside it are two main components: the transmitter and the receiver. THE TRANSMITTER It is the job of the transmitter to turn the air pressure created by your sound waves to electrical signals so they can be sent to the other telephone. The waves hit a thin skin called the diaphragm that is physically connected to a reservoir of carbon granules. When the pressure hits the diaphragm, it shakes up the carbon granules. Then the carbon expands and contracts, depending on what force is exerted. At two points on the outer shell of the reservoir of the carbon are two outlets of electricity from the talk battery. By applying voltage, a current is made and is passed along the lines to the waiting telephone. At the other end the current is transformed back to speech. THE RECEIVER The receiver turns an ever varying current back to speech. A permanently magnetized soft iron core is covered in many turns of very fine wire. Through the wire, the electrical c... ...ed back to the number. TELEPHONE CORDS Older telephone lines were made of fork shaped piece of metal attached to wires with a tool called the crimper. When installed, these wires were screwed into the terminal box on the wall. This is really a pain in the rear end because if you are going to fix the phone, you have to unscrew the box, then all the screws. This process could last for hours at a time. To make this job a lot easier, coiled cords and modular lines were invented. To take out the handset or telephone, all you have to do is to unplug the modular connector from its match and that is it. Modular cords can be bought nearly in any electronics store. There are three kinds of cords. One is the full modular cord. There are small modular clips on both ends of the cord. The second is the one mentioned in the first paragraph, this is called the spade -- lug cord. The third one is called the 1/4 modular, this cord has one modular connector on one side and the old fashioned spade -- lug end on the other. These 1/4 cords are not very common. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOK: THE TALKING TELEPHONE AUTHOR: STEVE SOKOLOWSKI PUBLISHER: TAB BOOKS NOV. 1991

Notes on How to Write a Good Essay

Robert Cormier’s book ‘Heroes’ opens by introducing us to the main character Francis Cassavant, a ex-military soldier, wounded by a grenade from when he fought in World War Two. There are three main characters in this book; Francis, Larry and Nicole. Throughout this book Cormier gives an insight into how all these characters interlock, with Francis’ mission, to kill Larry LaSalle. In the first chapter of this book Cormier introduces us to the main character of Francis Cassavant, and how he is presented as a hero; this chapter is based entirely on his appearance after a grenade attack from when he fought in the war. Francis’ appearance has obviously changed dramatically as he refers to his face as a ‘gargoyle’ and that he has ‘no face’. Francis also refers to himself as the ‘hunchback of Notre Dame’ and that he is ugly with ‘no ears to speak of’ and ‘the absence of my nose’. This suggests that that he has been in a terrible accident and instantly makes you empathise, and feel sorry for him, but as you further progress through the book you see that maybe that Francis isn’t the hero and as innocent as he seems at first glance. To add further detail Cormier describes his nostrils as ‘two small caves’. This portrays his face as almost like a monster or a mutant. We can infer from the text that Francis has low self esteem and has little or no confidence in himself and when his doctor says ‘don’t expect anyone to pick you for a dance’ doesn’t really help with the fact when he knows he’s ‘not normal’. Francis hides his face with scarves, a hat and a bandage fastened with safety pins, hiding his face tell us that he does not want to be recognised or perhaps to be seen by anyone he knows in Frenchtown. People glance at me in surprise’ and ‘I don’t blame them’ shows that Francis is obviously repulsed and disgusted by the way he looks but isn’t afraid to say so, and also if he looks terrifying and repulsive, he isn’t going to be thought of as a hero. After in depth of describing the physical description of Francis, Cormier then moves on to the main plot, Francis’ mission to kill Larry LaSalle, dropping in little hints and sending up an ‘our father’ and ‘ ail Mary’ and ‘glory be’ for Larry LaSalle, and sending up prayers for Nicole Renard, instantly bringing all the three main characters together but still keeping them separate and not knowing why they are interlocked and how everything is more complicated then it seems behind the eyes of Francis, Larry and Nicole, and how Francis and possibly Larry could either be heroes or cowards. Making Francis seem like an innocent war hero is an interesting and unusual move to make because it makes you feel sorry for Francis at the beginning but as the story unfolds you see that there is more than meets the eye about Francis and how his ‘heroic status’ isn’t as heroic as it seems. One of the ways Cormier presents the concept of heroes is in chapter nine, the chapter when Larry LaSalle reveals he is going off to the ‘fight the japs’ in the Second World War. So when the news first broke that Japan had bombed Pearl Harbour in an attack, a wave of frenzy and fear washed over America. People had ‘patriotic fever’ meaning that they weren’t just feeling patriotic about their country; it was as though a fever had taken over and had plagued through everyone. That day Larry LaSalle stood before everyone in the wreck centre, his ‘movie-star smile gone replace with grim faced determination’ he was ready to go and ‘fight the japs’ he announced that he was going to war, he had ‘anger that we had never seen before flashing in his eyes’. From the quote we realise that Larry is passionate about fighting for his country, but from the way he displays and announces that he is leaving and going to war and when he says ‘none of that kids’ (referring to when the kids clap when he announces he’s going to war) ‘I’m just doing what millions of others are doing’ he almost says it in a way that he wants to be recognised even more as a hero, and he also tries to make it seem as though it’s not important about what he’s doing, but by the way he flaunts it he makes it seem like he’s doing some great and powerful favour for America and the people of Frenchtown. This shows the concept of heroes because as soon as the opportunity comes along to be a hero, Larry will grab it in an instant and makes sure that everyone knows about it and about how it’s making him a hero. This chapter explains the events from Larry returning home, to the episode that happens at the end of the chapter and that is when we come to realise Francis’ hatred for Larry LaSalle. When the crowd are waiting for Larry’s arrival, we see that he is described as ‘Lt. Lawrence LaSalle, US Marines Corps, holder of the silver star’ from this quote we can immediately see that he is being shown as a hero. He is also the star of ‘newsreels’ and ‘radiobroadcasts’ making his seem very important; like a vip – almost a god as far as the town are concerned. They describe him as ‘a bright pied piper’ saying that he can get the towns children to follow him. It shows that he is quite a powerful and a big role model in the children of Frenchtown and maybe not only with children, the adults also seem to love, worship and adore him. In Larry’s actual arrival those there to greet him add the heroic atmosphere. The town goes to greet him at the station, adults, old people and children from the wreck centre are all there to meet this so called hero. When he arrives you instantly remember his ‘movie star smile’ revealing his popularity and confidence. ‘We cheered’ this shows that he is loved and respected by his fellow people and people look up to him as a ‘hero’. You could still see ‘a touch of Fred Astaire in his walk’ implying that he still is the same old Larry, but now ‘lethal’. Him being described as lethal implies that he has changed from coming back from the war; he’s thinner, sleeker. My war hero’ people shout from the crowd. People are proud of him for fighting for their country, they really respect him. ‘Ribbons and medals on his chest’ are a visible representation of him being a hero. Physically the descriptions of Larry show how much he has changed from being a cool dancer to a ‘slen der, knife like killing machine’ he has now changed into a ‘knife-like’ and ‘lethal’ with sharper details, the hero that we saw before has now become a ‘superhero’ in the town’s eyes. ‘You are our celebration’ the mayor proclaims to Larry, emphasising Larry’s heroic status. He is now the town’s hero when he is given ‘the silver key to the city’ people would immediately think that he is of high heroic status is the mayor gives him something so important to the city. When he gives his big speech he says ‘we need to keep the world safe for these young people’ saying this he is almost trying to cover up for what he does later. At the celebration, towards the end Larry tries to get Francis to leave the wreck centre, so he can have ‘one last dance’ with Nicole, he says that ‘this is important’ and he manipulates Francis. Just me and her alone’ makes it feel like something terrible is going to happen. So Francis leaves, ‘I’ve got to go, you and Larry stay. One last dance’ his words sounding false as though Larry placed them in his mouth. She wants him to ‘stay and watch’ but he leaves, to his and Nicole’s misfortune. When the attack happens, it shows just how unheroic and cowardly both Larry and Francis are. ‘In the shadows of the hallway’ Francis lurks waiting for Nicole to leave the Wreck centre, but then Larry does the most inexplicable, disgusting thing, he sexually assaulted her. A sound that could have been a moan and a rustle of clothing’ even though Francis knew something was going on in there, he still couldn’t pluck the courage to go see if his girlfriend was alright. When she ‘stumbles out of the hallway’ she sees Francis, and he saw ‘the betrayal of her in her eyes’ as she runs away, Francis hears Larry, this now shows how wrong people were about Larry and about how he is not a hero but something of the complete opposite ‘whistling the tune-‘dancing in the dark’ as though he had done nothing wrong, that this was no rmal. It’s amazing that the heart makes no noise when it cracks’ Francis is truly heartbroken, and it shows just how cowardly Francis and Larry can both be. In chapter 14, we see how much of a hero Francis could be when we finally get to the part where he goes to kill Larry LaSalle, Larry is no longer a hero. When he sees Larry you can see that Larry’s physical appearance has changed drastically as he’s ‘yellowed with age’, a bit ‘feeble now’, and ‘fragile now’, with ‘white hands’. Larry is not innocent’ and no longer a hero. Francis explains his unannounced visit, with a gun in his hands. Larry ‘rises slowly’ from his chair as Francis begins to question him. ‘You were our hero’ Larry was their hero, he did everything for the people of Frenchtown and now his heroic status had just fallen through the roof, ‘ no more sweet young things’ Larry says, saying as though its normal to sexually assault someone who’s young. Even there heat is sweet’ he says giving Francis even more of a reason to kill him, but he falters when Larry says ‘does that on sin wipe away all the good things. ’ He falters because he’s probably thinking about what he did for him, with the Table tennis and if it wasn’t for Larry renewing the Wreck Centre, Francis would never had been with Nicole, with all these mixed emotions and feelings Francis walks away. But when Francis walks away ‘the sound of a pistol shot cracks in the air’ Larry LaSalle had shot himself. Cormier presents the idea of heroes in his novel, one by setting it in the time of World War Two, which has lots of potential for heroes because theirs the concept of being a soldier. He also presents the idea of heroes by making two characters seem like heroes at first glance but then stripping them of their heroic status by things that come to haunt them from the past that had never been dealt with. Also with Nicole Renard and how she is the innocent victim in this and how one incident made both Francis and Larry cowards and very un-heroic.

China today Essay

China today would not miss the inquisitive recognition of an observative eye. Ranging from the political, economical and social, China has moved from some of its early concepts, thoughts, philosophies and forms of ruling. Today, much more influence from the outside world has had major impact on the outlook of the modern Chinese people and their culture. To talk about China without reflecting about their ancient culture and the dynasties would be to do a great injustice to the Chinese people. Although, the concern of this essay is to look at individualism, thus it would be not possible not to generally mention the emperors ruling and the culture which has dominated China since 221 BCE. The Chinese society was largely an agricultural settled society that was propagated by the Confucius thought. Many of those who have written the history of China have at instances tried to compartmentalize it into culture, politics and society. This loses the value of their study since being a Chinese before the eighteenth and nineteenth century involved culturalism as opposed to nationalism. These are a people who largely had a shared identity and collective rituals. Confucius ideas, self development, among others and negative attitude to profit making had an impact and an expression of individualism. Culturalism impeded the growth of the state because it emphasized on ones ties to the family, region or city. In other words China was fragile due to ethnic nationalism which made it a very unstable state especially under the poke of other countries. The ethnic nationalism was responsible for the revolution of the 1911 because of anti Manchurian Han oriented ideas that they, Manchuria courts were not in a position to defend the Chinese people. It is at the twentieth century that China was faced by threats from Western and Japanese capitalism and imperialism. Therefore it had to define its position on the national stage and set itself a much a country to be consulted in matters of the world (Wang, pp ix & 211). The importance of the individualistic view in the Confucianism tradition helped to set China in preparation of later developments and changing realities that could not allow it to retain the empire style. Thus, it is by the negation of Confucius ideas that led to the rise of new culture thus the birth of state nationalism. Closely following this era is the period of Chairman Mao who was an ardent socialist. During his time era, from 1949 it was considered behaving like a bourgeoisie when one showed interests in self. China was a collectivist state that suppressed the individual desires advocating for the society’s plight. The changes in China today are as a result of the government outlook reforms of the 1980’s. Mostly the youth in China mirror more of the Western culture more than the older generation thus sometimes causing conflict between the two groups. The Western culture has brought individualistic thought and perspectives that even in education politics and all other parts of the society reflect an outlook of self. In education as an example most the parents are urging the sons and daughters to pursue high paying courses for the sole purpose of personal better placement. Post Mao China has overcome the collective notions of the society to emphasis on individualism. No longer will you see workers donning the same color or style clothes (Robert, para 8, 9 & 10). The fact that the modern Chinese society was formed on the foundations of the West does not mean that the Confucius thought completely was exterminated. The power of the community is still in force as Wei-ming Tu puts it, that there is group solidarity which is involved decision making through consensus can d conflict resolutions. There is no distinction between personal and public lives of the people. The classical outlook of the family by the Confucius thought still forms as the major connection of politics education capitalism and social lives. This has the implications of a sense of duty responsibility obligation relationship independence and autonomy. Thus, in the wake of being the best person through self respect and dignity such a person does not fall short of having the role of taking care of his fellow neighbor family community state and the state. This is seen as the modern psychological approach to the new China in the fact that if one is found falling less of this, then you loose your place in the public hence a sense of personal guilt. It is therefore evident that the Chinese value collective individualistic aspects for the betterment of the society (Tu, pp 7, 8, 9 & 10). Bibliography: Robert L. , M. Ethnology: Generation KU: individualism and China’s millennial youth, 22nd September 2005. Retrieved from on 25th April 2009 Tu, W. Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-Dragons. ISBN 0674160878, 9780674160873, Harvard University Press, 1996. Wang, K. Modern China: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Nationalism. ISBN 0815307209, 9780815307204, Published by Taylor & Francis, 1998.

Free Essays on Ad and Ego

The Ad and the Ego Students will never look at an ad the same way again after screening The Ad and the Ego, the first comprehensive examination of advertising and our culture of consumption. The film artfully intercuts clips from hundreds of familiar television ads with insights from Stuart Ewen, Jean Kilbourne, Richard Pollay, Sut Jhally, Bernard McGrane and other noted critics, performing a cultural psychoanalysis of late 20th century America and its principal inhabitants, Consumer Man and Woman. The Ad and the Ego depicts how the market economy has metastasized until today commercialism invades the most intimate aspects of our lives. The average American is exposed to 1500 ads a day. But, like the air we breathe, we pay advertising little attention preferring to believe we're impervious to it. Scholars point out that advertising's constant stream of messages forms the neural network of a consumer society integrating individual psychology, mass culture and commodity production. As the film progresses, we begin to perceive how ads for Nike, Calvin Klein, Oil of Olay, and Suzuki are selling more than products. As Jean Kilbourne argues, they sell us values, concepts of love and sexuality, romance and success, a sense of identity, above all, what is "normal." Leading media critics demonstrate how living in an advertisement infused environment creates a psychology of need, massaging our anxieties, doubts, and discontents, creating a boundless hunger for more things. One message you'll never hear in an ad, sociologist Bernard McGrane observes, is "You're OK." The Ad and the Ego traces advertising's development from its largely descriptive 19th century origins through today's ads which eschew rational arguments for symbols and imagery playing directly to our emotions. Sut Jhally describes ads as "the dream life of our culture" and explains the persuasive techniques they use to invest commodities with powerful prop... Free Essays on Ad and Ego Free Essays on Ad and Ego The Ad and the Ego Students will never look at an ad the same way again after screening The Ad and the Ego, the first comprehensive examination of advertising and our culture of consumption. The film artfully intercuts clips from hundreds of familiar television ads with insights from Stuart Ewen, Jean Kilbourne, Richard Pollay, Sut Jhally, Bernard McGrane and other noted critics, performing a cultural psychoanalysis of late 20th century America and its principal inhabitants, Consumer Man and Woman. The Ad and the Ego depicts how the market economy has metastasized until today commercialism invades the most intimate aspects of our lives. The average American is exposed to 1500 ads a day. But, like the air we breathe, we pay advertising little attention preferring to believe we're impervious to it. Scholars point out that advertising's constant stream of messages forms the neural network of a consumer society integrating individual psychology, mass culture and commodity production. As the film progresses, we begin to perceive how ads for Nike, Calvin Klein, Oil of Olay, and Suzuki are selling more than products. As Jean Kilbourne argues, they sell us values, concepts of love and sexuality, romance and success, a sense of identity, above all, what is "normal." Leading media critics demonstrate how living in an advertisement infused environment creates a psychology of need, massaging our anxieties, doubts, and discontents, creating a boundless hunger for more things. One message you'll never hear in an ad, sociologist Bernard McGrane observes, is "You're OK." The Ad and the Ego traces advertising's development from its largely descriptive 19th century origins through today's ads which eschew rational arguments for symbols and imagery playing directly to our emotions. Sut Jhally describes ads as "the dream life of our culture" and explains the persuasive techniques they use to invest commodities with powerful prop...

5 Super Simple Tips for Dealing With a Difficult Boss

5 Super Simple Tips for Dealing With a Difficult Boss There are bad bosses and then there are tough bosses. If your boss is in the second category, they might not be doing anything outwardly wrong or inappropriate- they might even be a good boss, in the end- but they sure do keep you on your toes. Whether it’s micromanaging or outrageously high standards or inaccessibility†¦ a difficult boss is a tough thing to manage. Here are 5 strategies for how to make the best of a challenging situation, things you can do to change the situation from your end, and how it can benefit your career.1. Don’t be too sensitive.The first rule of tough bosses is not to take anything personally. Your boss might have a temper, or a super exacting work ethic, or almost unreasonable standards. Your boss might throw tantrums or demand the impossible. Your boss might be short with you. None of these things should be interpreted as personal affronts.Your boss is human, and dealing with a bunch of things that have nothing to do with you; thatâ₠¬â„¢s in the background of every interaction. But also, a real professional takes the message in the madness (This project not perfect yet? Okay!) and leaves any perceived judgment behind. Let the tone or manner of the delivery be whatever it is; take the information you need and simply do your job. Plus, it doesn’t necessarily matter if your boss likes you.2.  Come up with the solutions yourself.If you have a tough boss, try to get your questions answered elsewhere- same with your problems and small talk. It’s not possible to never need something from your boss, but you could probably drastically cut down on how many interactions you have with her where you’re not making her life easier. Focus on delivering results when you walk into her office. The more you go in there with solutions to her problems, rather than questions about your own†¦ the better.3. Be proactive.If you have access to your boss’s schedule, make a note of what big projects and p riorities she’s working on and stay mindful of them. Help where you can. Be proactive. Keep thinking forward, and help your boss do the same. And instead of waiting to be asked to check in (or for an informal performance review), take the initiative to schedule regular check-ins with your boss and come prepared. Detail what you’ve been working on and the progress you’ve been making. Basically, anticipate your boss’s needs and questions and have answers always at the ready.4. Radiate confidence.Even when you make mistakes. Especially when you make mistakes! Rather than trying to hide or fib your way out of it, take responsibility. Own it. Say â€Å"I screwed up and here is how I’m already working to fix it.† Remind yourself that their anger will fade, that you’re still the smart and capable employee they hired, and give them a bunch of good reasons to forget you ever erred.5. Figure out what’s in it for you.A tough boss can actu ally be a great opportunity. You’ll work that much harder, be that much more on your game. And you’ll probably get lots more done. You’ll also figure out what you are (and aren’t) looking for in your next boss, so you can make a more informed career decision when next you’re on the market. Try to focus on the positive aspects of this challenging situation, and you’ll be able to use this one tough boss to better your whole career.

Opinion Essay about Globalization (GLS101) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opinion about Globalization (GLS101) - Essay Example Whereas Foxconn had been contracted by Apple as one of the key manufacturing hubs in China, Foxconn has reshaped its business model in the wake of globalization (Yang, 2013). Indeed, Foxconn’s thinking about moving beyond Apple is a classic example of how globalization is taking place in the current world. Globalization has seen China become a darling for most large manufacturers particularly due to the availability of cheap labour and technological advancement. It therefore does not come by surprise that Apple, an American owned company, decided to outsource its production services to Foxconn. However, globalization has caused significant changes in consumer demands leading to mushrooming of other companies seeking to cash in on emerging market niches. For instance, Apple continually became less significant to Foxconn because of the lost grip on the phone market due to globalization. Considering Apple was responsible for almost half of Foxconn’s revenue (Yang, 2013), any shakeup on Apple would have direct ripple effect on Foxconn as a company. Globalization especially in the technology industry has caused unprecedented changes in the way modern businesses operate. For instance, large multinational companies have tuned their supply chain management by outsourcing services and production to other countries. However, the same concept of globalization has empowered production supporting industry players such as Foxconn to think about having their own tailor made products. This could spell doom for companies such as Apple. For example, despite Apple putting its production hopes on Foxconn, Foxconn is on the other hand investing heavily on brand makers such as Sharp’s LCD panel factory (Yang, 2013). This is in a bid to solidify its sustainability in a world where globalization is changing operational challenges with time. The fact that a company such as Foxconn could be pushed by globalization to change from a production outsourcing