An Overview of eLogistcs

Exposition on outline of e-logistcs . 1. Presentation With online business, the quickly unfurling and current coordinations is progressively due to create top to bottom the idea of e-coordinations . I alludes to the utilization of electronic methods, specifically the utilization of web innovation to finish the whole procedure of coordinations coordination, control and the board. The reason for e-coordinations is in the coordinations organization,electronic exchanges, services,management, coordinations business activities,so rapidly and effectively accomplish the speed of coordinations, safe , dependable and low cost.Traditional coordinations for the most part alludes to items produced after the bundling, transportation, dealing with , capacity . [pic] (Fig 1) E-coordinations can likewise be alluded to as coordinations electronic coordinations data , I alludes to the utilization of electronic methods , specifically the utilization of Internet innovation to finish the whole procedure o f coordinations coordination , control and the board, and all the center of the front end from the system to the last customer process administrations. The most prominent element is the utilization of an assortment of programming and the incorporation of coordinations benefits .The motivation behind e-coordinations is the coordinations association , electronic exchanges, administrations , the executives and coordinations business exercises rapidly and effectively so as to accomplish the speed, securely, dependable and minimal effort. [pic] To think about. The fundamental highlights of e-coordinations is the joining of front-end benefits and back-end administrations . Numerous vendors are confronted with the issue of the mix of front-end client request the executives, client relationship the board and back-end stock administration , warehousing the executives and transportation the executives . contrasts between e-coordinations and conventional coordinations e-coordinations and custo mary logistics’ greatest distinction is in the data use. In customary coordinations, the data in various part or various offices . The data straightforwardness, idealness and minimal effort. E-coordinations advantage is web innovation to frame a far reaching coordinations data the executives framework. [pic] By correlation. The E-coordinations specialization , particularly in data preparing innovation, to truly uses’ the incorporated estimation of the coordinations data .Transparency of data empowering clients to their own coordinations data handling as indicated by the necessities of their own customized whenever, anyplace . The congruity of coordinations data to additionally advance the improvement of the coordinations of the venture . 4. model 7 †Eleven comfort store is currently the world's biggest retail organize administrators and is perceived as a model of accommodation stores in the world.In expansion to its propelled administration and brand advertising t o help its fast improvement , another significant factor is the solid back coordinations emotionally supportive network. 7-11 is a shop in the high-thickness centralization of the particular zone methodologies and brought together coordinations program . This program every year spare 10% of the first cost of products costs. 7-11 chain is commonly just 100 †200 square meters size, has give 2000 †3000 sorts of food . There are food from various providers. Every food deficiency or excess .Transport and capacity necessities are additionally extraordinary . whenever as indicated by the various needs of the client can alter the assortment of merchandise , all the prerequisites of levels of popularity to the coordinations chain. Territorial centralization methodology is generally moved in a specific territory to open more stores and shops to be in this district arrive at a specific number , and afterward step by step stretched out to assemble stores in regions . The conveyance co mmunity has a PC arrange dissemination framework, associated with providers and 7-11 stores .In request to guarantee steady products dispersion focuses will for the most part hold around four days of stock dependent on past experience . Simultaneously , the inside's PC framework get intermittent stock report each day for different shops and products report . The circulation community focal point of these reports examination , lastly structure an image of the requests gave to various sellers , PC system to the supplier , the provider will be booked inside focus conveyance of products . - 11 appropriation communities in receipt of all products , separately, bundled merchandise to different shops , holding back to be sent,The next morning, the conveyance vehicle will be documented out from the dissemination place , select street conveyance to shops in their general vicinity . The whole appropriation process day by day cycle. 7-11 can monitor merchandise in travel , stock, products , an d other information , extra data on the budgetary data and providers can hold under the control of these information are urgent for a retail business . - 11 right now has accomplished worldwide at various temperatures with the conveyance framework, and set an alternate dissemination of temperature for various classes of products. Notwithstanding the conveyance hardware , food dispersion time and recurrence will have various necessities . For food there are extraordinary necessities ,, for example, frozen yogurt , 7-11 detour conveyance focuses, conveyance vehicles promptly at night multiple times legitimately from the maker, the entryway pulled the different shops .Implemented for the general items 7-11 is the dissemination framework three times each day , 3:00 am to 7:00 dispersion the day preceding the night creation of food items when all is said in done , from 8:00 am to 11:00 appropriation the night prior to the creation of unique nourishments, for example, milk , new vegetable s likewise have a place , 15:00 with 6:00 the morning of conveyance that day the creation of food , such day , the circulation recurrence of multiple times to guarantee the store doesn't stock a similar time , to guarantee the newness of food .In request to guarantee that the provider of each store ‘s secure , appropriation focus , an exceptional conveyance framework and the conveyance of three times each day with . Each store will be met whenever some exceptional cases coming about in unavailable , and afterward just to a crisis call to the dispersion community , appropriation focus will be the wellbeing stock to store crisis conveyance, security stock have been depleted , the middle went to flexibly crisis freight , and sent to the lack of shops in the hands just because . - 11 have had the option to give full play to the qualities and focal points of the e-coordinations , they can inside and out comprehension of advertising methodologies. 5. convlusion Through examination I found that the electronic coordinations in Europe and the United States and Japan and South Korea and other created economies has been all the more generally utilized, especially , with the advancement of electronic business , e-coordinations improvement pattern . Outsider coordinations advancement toward this path .

Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Least Legal Drinking Age - Essay Example The MLDA has defenders and rivals, who hold quick to their individual situations in this discussion (American Medical Association, n.d.). Morris E. Chafetz, in â€Å"The 21-Year-Old Drinking Age: I Voted for it; It Doesn't Work,† and Toben F. Nelson, and Traci L. Toomey, in â€Å"The Drinking Age of 21 Saves Lives,† embrace restricting perspectives on this issue. Chafetz contends that the MLDA of 21 â€Å"has not worked,† and isn't connected to diminished alcoholic driving fatalities (7). He holds that authorizing a base legitimate age for drinking doesn't mull over the passings brought about by liquor off the thruways, and drives young people to hitting the bottle hard in solo environmental factors. Then again, Nelson and Toomey take the position that the MLDA of 21 has diminished drinking-related passings, and diminished hard-core boozing in underage understudies. Albeit the two creators have validity and are proficient and legitimate about the subject, and Cha fetz is additionally pleasing of contradicting perspectives, Nelson and Toomey make an all the more persuading contention as their stand is bolstered by broad references to look into considers. Both the papers are created by scholars with faultless accreditations. Chafetz is a sound speaker in the MLDA banter, as he is the organizer of the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse and The Health Education Foundation in Washington. His notoriety is additionally supported by the way that he was an individual from the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, Director and Executive Member of the National Commission Against Drunk Driving and the Presidential nominee at The White House Conference for a Drug-Free America. He is additionally a Doctor of Psychiatry, with a long history of relationship with social issues, for example, liquor abuse and medication misuse. Chafetz’s qualifications are more than coordinated by Nelson and Toomey, who have a place with the University of Minnesota’s School of Public Health. Their contention is additionally bolstered by a gathering of academicians and analysts. The notoriety of the authors adds to the reliability of t he papers and makes them both tenable. So also, both the expositions are composed by proficient creators who make their separate positions understood through unambiguous affirmations. Chafetz decidedly expresses that â€Å"Prohibition †isn't working among 18-multi year-olds now† (8). Then again, Nelson and Toomey are similarly firm in their conviction that â€Å"A drinking age of 21 has prompted less drinking, less wounds and less deaths† (9). There is no space for vagueness in either papers and the authors’ tones pass on their supreme confidence in the accuracy of their separate positions. So also, both the creators show information about the issue being discussed. As the author of The National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Chafetz is clearly acquainted with the issue of liquor utilization and statements measurements from his establishment â€Å"that 5,000 lives are lost to liquor every year by those under 21† (Chafetz 7). As a Doctor of Psychiatry, Chafetz likewise shows information about cerebrum impedance and liquor reliance, in accordance with his calling as a clinical specialist. Nelson and Toomey are essentially learned about the impacts of liquor on understudies †this is with regards to their University foundation.

The Waiting Game COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Waiting Game COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The people who all knowingly state patience is a virtue must have never felt the acute anxiety that accompanies waiting for graduate school application decisions. They must have never have known the paranoia that comes with the obsessive refreshing of your inbox in hopes (or deep fear) of seeing that subject line: There has Been an Update to Your Application Status. I remember this feeling vividly when I was applying to graduate school, and the anxiety consumed me so much that I actually had to turn off my email notifications because I found myself checking it even when I had not received a notification, just in case one “slipped” through. Playing the waiting game is stressful, especially when your future hangs in the balance. But as you wait, remember, you’ve done all you could do. You put your best foot forward on your application, in your test scores, in your letters of reference, in your personal essays where you talked about that life changing study abroad experience. Having come out the other side of this dark tunnel, I wish I could have managed the anxiety better. While nothing alleviated the nerves entirely, I did try and preoccupy my time with two simple distractions. First, I made sure I occupied my time with activities. Either with taking on more projects at work, sort of the more occupied my mind is the less I have time to worry about the decisions. Or hanging out with my friends, because when I was out having fun I wasn’t thinking about checking my email. It also helped that I have some pretty great friends and former coworkers who were my support group and “knew” that I was going to be ok no matter what the decisions ended up being. Second, I took what I call the “Ignorance is Bliss” approach, and tried to be proactive by pretending I got in to all the schools I applied to. This led me on a quest to get as much information about the institutions I hoped to attend. I did a lot of online research, but I also tried to set up as many chats as I could with alumni and students and visit classes. This was easier for some than others, based on the fact I had applied to several schools abroad. However, meeting or talking to people from the schools is a great way to learn more about the programs while also getting a feel for the type of people these institutions attract. I found it really helpful, and depending on the person and their personalities, they either made me excited about the result I might receive ( in one case made me rethink my decision to apply in the first place!). It seems when we as applicants finish applying and are waiting for the results, we have this fear that if we don’t get in to our dream schools our futures will be drastically altered by some sort of cosmic shift, however, that is simply not the case. I know this because I received rejections from really great schools, schools I wanted to go to. But I also got into to schools I never thought I would get into. For example: Columbia SIPA. We as individuals put so much pressure on ourselves that the fear of not succeeding can consume us while we wait. If we don’t get in, we want to know why. Why was I not qualified enough?   Even I am guilty of this â€" after all I’m only human. However, if there’s one thing I’ve learned from talking to alumni from various graduate schools, it’s that there is no secret sauce for how to get in to specific schools. Every school has their own criteria, and honestly, that could vary from applicant to applicant. This knowledge made me realize I did all I could do. I created the best application I could muster, hit submit, and prayed that luck was on my side. Of course, rejection of any kind can sting a bit. However, if there’s one thing I learned from the graduate school application process it’s que sera, sera  â€" what will be will be. It sounds cliché, but I really do think applicants need to remember that life will go on after decisions are rendered. You may find yourselves in a place where you are accepted to all the schools you’ve applied to and you now have to choose between too many options. Pre-decision anxiety is real, but post-decision anxiety is a far greater beast. My final piece of advice for those applicants currently in the thick of decision season is: No matter what happens this application cycle, you will be okay. You cannot make a wrong choice. You will end up where you are meant to be, and soon this will be a distant memory. The Waiting Game COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog “of all the hardships a person had to face none was more punishing than the simple act of waiting.” Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns We will begin rolling out decisions today; however, don’t be discouraged if you haven’t heard from us yet.   It can take a few days from when a decision is made to when it is released to the system.   We don’t publish all our decisions in a single day, so if yours doesn’t happen to be one of the first to be finalized, hang in there.   Waiting isn’t easy but sometimes its worth the wait.

The Racial Stereotyping Of Minority Groups Is A Prevalent

The racial stereotyping of minority groups is a prevalent problem within the United State’s criminal justice system. It is a regrettable issue which permeates American society. The young Black male, in particular, is often portrayed as a criminal based on incorrect assumptions regarding who perpetrates crime. There are several components contributing to the criminal stigma of Blacks. The way crime is conveyed by American culture is possibly as important as how crime actually functions. The widespread belief that Black males commit the majority of crime skews the view society’s perception of Blacks. Typifications of Black males include a violent, threatening, thug-like character. The connection between race and crime is so deeply seeded in†¦show more content†¦Recently, these numbers receded but the stigma remains. Research indicates the crimes Blacks commit surpass the expected rates, based on the racial composition of America. These statistics are further exac erbated because Black males commit more frightening and violent crimes. The war on drugs was a dominant contributor to the â€Å"Black† typification of crime. In the 1980s, the Reagan administration waged the war on drugs. In accordance with this agenda, strict penalties were enacted to â€Å"crack down† on crack cocaine. Crack cocaine is a less expensive drug predominately used by the lower class, specifically minorities. The Black population suffered under these new laws but Whites were largely unaffected. While drug use is prevalent at similar rates across races, whites are more likely to use powder cocaine which law enforcement agencies tend not to acknowledge. Crack cocaine became the target of harsh penalties because it is affordable, accessible, and used primarily by Blacks. The war on drugs is occasionally referred to as the war on Blacks due to the high incarceration rate of the Black population during this time. Illegal drugs are often associated with robbery and assault which further perpetuates the stereotype of the â€Å"Black criminal†. The criminal justice system processes a disproportionate amount of minority offenders. The number of minority offenders is greater than their representation inShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Legacy of Dr. Kenneth B. Clark: The History of an African-American Psychologist904 Words   |  4 Pagesideas and problems that Clark addresses in the realm of prejudice and racism that are still relevant in social identity, education and the work place in America. Clark was a social psychologist who was a firm believer in equality, though he knew that racial division would be a difficult task to overcome, he still thought it was a concept that was necessary for America to progress. One of the many researchers that have continued Clark’s work is Thomas F. Pettigrew. Pettigrew (2004) suggests that AmericaRead MoreEssay about The Rotten Apple1131 Words   |  5 Pagesme. What is a first impression anyway? It is probably the judgement a person makes on another based on the way he or she talks and acts in the first meeting. But in a lot of cases, first impressions are made based on the stereotypes, especially racial ones, that person fit in. Wow, you must be really smart.. For most people, this is usually meant as a compliment. And I would take that comment as a compliment, if I had, for example, shown whoever said it the proof to a complicated math problemRead MoreRacial Profiling And Racial Segregation1255 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of racial profiling is one of the most pressing issues facing the contemporary society of America. Historically, law enforcement has a heritage of racially motivated legislation - from slave codes, black codes, to other oppressive practices targeted at the populations of minorities. The present-day relationship between minorities and the police has been consequently influenced by such historical trends of discrimination. Recent events reflect the policing strategy of racial profiling whereRead MoreStereotypes And Generalizations Of African Americans1534 Words   |  7 PagesSince the United States’ inception, the negative stereotypes and generalizations of African Americans hav e been some of the worst examples of racism that has been extremely prevalent in American culture. African American stereotypes date back all the way to colonial American times, where African American slavery was considered to be accepted and practiced. Since then, black people in America have been treated horribly for stereotypes that have deep roots in the mistreatment of black people in AmericanRead MoreEssay about Racial Equality869 Words   |  4 PagesRacial and Ethnic Inequality Ashley N. Sellers Ivy Tech Community College Abstract In the article â€Å"Whites Swim in Racial Preference† whites really don’t realize how much we are readily handed compared to those of a different race or ethnicity. In this article it mainly focuses on how the University of Michigan discriminates against non-white racial groups with their points system. I have found that even though it is equally shared, it is much easier for whites to obtain points than blacksRead MoreAmerican Racial Stereotyping Hampered Chinese Immigrants Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Racial Stereotyping Hampered Chinese Immigrants from Being Part of the Mainstream Society With the passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the first federal law was enacted restricting immigrants of a specific nationality from entering the United States due to Americans attributing dire economic uncertainty to Chinese laborers who take away jobs from native-born Americans. Anti-Chinese sentiments greatly proliferated throughout the United States during the late 19th century and earlyRead MorePrejudice in the United States963 Words   |  4 Pagesis true that our society is much less prejudiced than it was 40-50 years ago, we are still struggling to create racial harmony in a world that is so diverse in terms of racial group, sexual orientations, ethnicity, nationality, religions, and so on. I think the core of prejudice comes from stereotyping, which is the generalization of motives, characteristics, or behavior to an entire group of people. In the world where media propaganda is ubiquitous, often times most stereotypes are not formed on validRead MoreAfrican Ameri cans : The Primary Victims Of Police Brutality1188 Words   |  5 Pages In the United States, studies have shown that minority citizens, particularly African Americans, are the primary victims of police brutality. This use of excessive force, when utilized by law enforcement officers, encompasses a wide range of abusive practices – racial slurs, profanity, unnecessary searches, physical abuse, and even murder. According to a report by the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement, 313 African Americans were killed without trial by police, security guards, and vigilantes in 2012Read MoreWhat Historical And Governmental Policies Influenced Asian Americans1171 Words   |  5 PagesAsians have been referred to as the â€Å"Model Minority† for decades, but is it an accurate representation of Asian America culture today? This notion derives from the stereotype that Asian families are stable and Asian culture produces success in regards to grades and professions. My questions are as f ollows: what historical and governmental policies influenced the term, how did it affect Asian-Americans, what should Asian Americans do to be treated equally to improve the rights of their people, andRead MoreMinority Identity1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves can be shaped by their political ideology, their group identity, their partisan identification, their voting behavior and their interest in group activities. However the way one person may see themselves may not be the way they are perceived by others. Ascribed identity can be described as the way that society, or other people impose on you. A factor that is heavily involved in shaping ascribed identity is stereotyping. Stereotyping is defined as assign a set of particular attributes to a

Covenants And The Roles Of Profit, Priest, And King

Covenants and the Roles of Profit, Priest, and King in Organizational Management There are 6 major covenants in the Bible, Adam and Eve, pre-flood Noah, post-flood Noah, Abrahamic, Moses, and Jesus, with multiple themes of salvation, Messiah, and grace. Each are promises between God and His people and have four common elements; a benefactor; God, a beneficiary; man, terms and conditions, and a token or symbol. Significance and Meaning of a Covenant To provide a better appreciation of the Bible, a definition of covenant is necessary. A covenant is a serious life or death affair. It is a relationship; a sacred agreement between God and all humanity. It is how God chooses to communicate to us, to redeem us, and to guarantee us eternal life in Jesus. â€Å"When God created man, he appeared in His image. Man was physically complete; yet spiritually incomplete. God’s plan for salvation was predetermined and calls all people to receive the Holy Spirit to grow and become spiritually complete† (Fountain, 2014) . Expand a bit!! Messiah Promised: The Old Testament Genesis 9:13, I have set my rainbow in the clouds, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and the earth. In Old Testament times God initiated and offered an agreement or covenant between Him and one nation, Israel. Entrance into this covenant was by physical, natural birth (Gen. 17:9-10). These biblical covenants were in effect during the time before Jesus’ death, burial, and resurrection. They wereShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Covenants And The Roles Of Profit, Priest, And King1809 Words   |  8 PagesUnderstanding the Covenants and the Roles of Profit, Priest, and King in Organizational Management There are 6 major covenants in the Bible, Adam and Eve, pre-flood Noah, post-flood Noah, Abrahamic, Moses, and Jesus, with multiple themes of salvation, Messiah, and grace. Each are promises between God and His people and have four common elements; a benefactor; God, a beneficiary; man, terms and conditions, and a token or symbol. Significance and Meaning of a Covenant To provide a better appreciationRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Early Civilizations Essay823 Words   |  4 Pages All the way from the start of civilization through to the Early Christianity there has been a pantheon of; destruction, recognition, wars, cultural diffusion, religious breakthroughs, laws that have been established, kings and queens crowned and dethroned. The Mesopotamian Civilization it was the land between two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers that civilization first began. The rise of civilization in 3200 B.C. through 525 B.C That was an act of human creation of the Near Eastern riverRead MoreA Critical Thinking Exercise : The Role Of Religion During World Civilizations3861 Words   |  16 Pages Critical Thinking Exercise: The Role of Religion in Early World Civilizations Name Stephanie Trent_________ Students will complete this critical thinking exercise in history as a â€Å"thought paper,† but will identify sources for their answers. Students can use the textbook and class notes for sources, but can use other sources. This exercise is in the form of a â€Å"short answer format.† This must at least be six full pages, but can be longer if needed. Students are expectedRead MoreReligion : A Powerful Force3704 Words   |  15 Pagesencompass every area of life in Egyptian society. While the Pharaohs of Egypt were the highest order of political authority, they were also titled and looked upon as divine and god like. Even so, the Pharaohs often looked to the cast of pluralistic priest for advice and counsel when it came to matters of state, making it a near impossible task to determine where political matters were not either influenced or completely dominated by religious thought acceptable to the ruling class, the priestly classRead MoreThe Age Of Empires : Rome And Han China1954 Words   |  8 Pageseconomics of the early Roman state and landownership were related to social status, political privilege, and other fundamental values. The head of the wealthy families were members of the Senate (Council of Elders) and played a dominant role in politics. There were seven kings of Rome between 753 to 507 BCE that members of the senatorial class, led by Brutus, instituted a republic. The Roman Republic (507 – 31 BCE) was not democracy. Sovereign power reside d in several assemblies and wealth contributed toRead MoreMy Worldview And Religious Belief Influence My Practice2129 Words   |  9 Pages16:9, King James Version). As a leader, it is prayer that God order my steps daily, in which I may be a blessing to others. My vision and goals is for the individuals I am leading to recognize me as a Christian first and value my honesty. When asked for my opinion, my followers deserve thought and clarity. Being an administrator requires the individual in charge to be obedient and have a positive attitude in all situations. â€Å"Now therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and keep my covenant, youRead MoreA Great Leader - The Messiah5208 Words   |  21 Pageswith Ezekiel 34:24, â€Å"And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD has spoken it and Revelation 1:5 and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood. † Here we have a â€Å"Great Leader – the Messiah.† The term messiah, the Hebrew term mÄ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ®ah appears thirty-nine times in the OT and is rendered in the Septuagint by theRead MoreCherokee History5279 Words   |  22 Pagescouncil houses were also the site of the sacred fire, which the Cherokee had kept burning from time immemorial. Like other Iroquian peoples, kinship and membership in seven matrilineal clans were determined through the mother, although the womens role never achieved the importance that it enjoyed among the Iroquois League in New York. In most ways, the Cherokee more closely resembled the Creek and other southeastern tribes, including the celebration of the Busk, or Green Corn festival. AgricultureRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pageseventually took a job in Mexico. Carrie refused to follow her husband. Instead, she traveled around the country, living with friends and relatives and working at temporary jobs as a maid or waitress. She had ambitions to become an actress, but roles for black women were scarce. Sometimes she took young Langston with her, but most of the time he stayed with his grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas. Grandmother Mary Langston, an American citizen of French, Cherokee, and African descent, was nineteenRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pages  preterist  Christians argue that some or all of the  biblical prophecies  concerning the end time refer literally or metaphorically to events which already happened in the  first century after Jesus birth. In their view, the end time concept refers to the  end of the covenant between God and Israel, rather than the end of time, or the end of planet Earth. They argue that prophecies about the  Rapture, the defiling of the  Temple, the  destruction of Jerusalem, the Antichrist, the  Number of the Beast, the  Tribulation, the  Second

The Use of Metaphors Free Essays

string(46) " an aide to help understand the metaphors Dr\." SanTianna Simmons ENG 1102 25 April 2013 A metaphor is where you show how two unrelated things are similar. For example by saying â€Å"Love is a roller-coaster. † A key aspect of a metaphor is use a specific transference of a word into another context. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Metaphors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The human mind creates comparisons between different things. The best writers use metaphors. Like poetry, a metaphor will express a thousand different meanings all at once, allowing the writer to convey much more content than they could do otherwise. More than playing simple word games, the use of metaphors in your writing can elevate your stories to a place next to the greatest authors in the world. There are many kinds of metaphors: Allegory, catechesis, parables, extended metaphors, etc. An extended metaphor establishes a subject and then extends it further, as in this quote from Shakespeare â€Å"All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. Brian Doyle, Author of â€Å"Joyas Valdoras†, uses the hummingbird metaphor to support his story. The story starts off by grabbing the reader’s attention with a fact. The fact is very interesting. Unless you are someone that studies animals, you would have no idea that a hummingbird’s heart is the size of a pencil, or that it beats ten times per second. After I read the first sentence, I was instantly interested to see what more the author had to say. He got the name, Joyas Valdoras, from a reference by early Spanish settlers. It means flying jewels. They called these creatures flying jewels because they had never seen anything like them before. They would fly around quickly all day, reproducing and collecting nectar. Doyle then goes on to add more facts about hummingbirds and their incredible hearts. Hummingbirds can fly up to 500 miles without stopping to rest, however they can get burned out. Whenever humming birds get burned out, it can become fatal. Although Doyle’s allusion to hummingbirds was interesting, I don’t think he meant for his story to simply be a story about humming birds. He also goes on to talk about the blue whale, an animal having the largest heart in the world. He gives us interesting facts about that animal also, but this still does not justify why he was even writing the story, for if he had wanted his readers to be informed only about animals, he’d have put these facts in a science book instead. I think Doyle was relating the animal’s hearts with that of human hearts. He said sometimes humming birds get burned out without even knowing what they’re doing is dangerous. Humans also do the same thing. Today’s world is very fast paced. Sometimes we don’t have time to rest or do anything of that nature. We do it, without knowing how unhealthy to the body and spirit that is. He also alludes that the heart is a very strong thing. Not just our physical heart, but our emotional and spiritual heart as well. So much can happen to someone’s heart. It can go through the most joy, excitement, hurt and pain and still beat at the end of the day. I think the way Doyle transitions form talking about hummingbirds and whales to something so emotional was very effective. He makes it easy for us to relate to his story because he keeps us so involved. I felt as if he was ready the story to me instead of the other way around. Sian-Pierre Regis stated â€Å"As should be obvious by now, Doyle is doing far more than describing the hearts of various animals. In explaining about the hearts of animals, he has subtly been drawing us into this reality: â€Å"We all churn inside. † In this creation there is unimaginable beauty (â€Å"flying jewels†) and there is excruciating pain (â€Å"a brilliant music stilled†). And so finally, we are led to his masterful ending and the real point of this whole piece. If you’ve read this far, I encourage you to take a minute and quiet your heart. Let yourself feel these words. It may hurt, but it will almost certainly heal as well. In giving an overview of the hearts of creatures, Doyle ends with this: â€Å"So much held in a heart in lifetime. So much held in a heart in day, and hour, a moment. We are utterly open with no one, in the end–not mother and father, not wife or husband, not lover, not child, not friend. We open windows to each but we live alone in the house of the heart. Perhaps we must. Perhaps we could not bear to be so naked, for fear of a constantly harrowed heart. When young we think there will come one person who will savor and sustain us always; when we are older we know this is the dream of a child, that all hearts finally are bruised and scarred, scored and torn, repaired by time and will, patched by force of character, yet fragile and rickety forevermore, no matter how ferocious the defense and how many bricks you bring to the wall. You can brick up your heart as stout and tight and hard and cold and impregnable as you possibly can and down it comes in an instant, felled by a woman’s second glance, a child’s apple breath, the shatter of glass in the road, the words I have something to tell you, a cat with a broken spine dragging itself into the forest to die, the brush of your mother’s papery ancient hand in the thicket of your hair, the memory of your father’s voice early in the morning echoing from the kitchen where he is making pancakes for his children. †Ã¢â‚¬  The article â€Å"A Metaphorical Analysis of Martin Luther King Jr. s ‘I Have a Dream Speech,’† by Joe Ciesinski, to me is an aide to help understand the metaphors Dr. You read "The Use of Metaphors" in category "Papers" Martin Luther King used within his famous speech ‘I have a Dream. ’ Ciesinski cited other’s opinions about the speech which also was another great source of he lping understand the speech. Within the article, the question â€Å"What does ‘I Have a Dream’ mean to me† was asked. To me, when someone asks me what does ‘I Have a Dream’ mean to me, I would say that it makes me feel as if the color of my skin or my sex should never be a factor of why I can’t do anything that I want to do. Anybody should be capable of saying the same. Ciesinski believes that ‘I Have a Dream’ would not only speak about problems in America, but that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr would call upon all citizens of the United States to enact change and correct the injustices that would occur throughout our nation. â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. contrasts light and dark metaphors when he states, â€Å"this momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Ciesinski) The previous quote to me sums up the entire ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. It focuses on the struggles of colored people and how the nation needs to take the time out to notice that these hate crimes need to come to an end. Overall, I think Ciesinski’s metaphorical analysis is a great help to distinguish the true meaning and break down of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s speech. I also believe that he used good sources to help apprehend the famous speech. â€Å"It is a stark metaphor, an accusation articulated in bluntly economic terms. The Declaration of Independence implied, and later the Emancipation Proclamation promised, meaningful freedom to African Americans. But the promise was never fulfilled. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds,† King said. This part of the speech has been mostly forgotten, swamped in collective memory by the soaring rhetoric of King’s peroration. When initial renderings for the new Martin L uther King Jr. National Memorial were first unveiled, they included a prominent place for the promissory-note metaphor, but as the project went forward the quotation was deemed â€Å"too confrontational† and dropped from the final design. What is best remembered from the Dream speech is, in fact, not original to it. The thrilling incantation, the cries of â€Å"let freedom ring,† the litany of place names (the snowcapped Rockies, the molehills of Mississippi), the lines borrowed from the biblical books of Amos and Isaiah, the quotations from spirituals and patriotic songs — none of this material was original to the speech King gave on the Mall. Most of it was recycled, an impromptu decision by King to reuse some of the best applause lines he had tested in Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama and, only weeks earlier, in Detroit. † Stated by Philip Kennicott. Short talks by Anne Carson was an article full of miniature lectures with a different meaning for each one. Some of the short articles were confusing but the others caught my attention. An article in Short Talks that was easily understood was ON WALKING BACKWARDS. ON WALKING BACKWARDS was about how as a child Carson states â€Å"My mother would forbid us to walk backwards. That is how the dead walk, she would say. † Carson goes on to say that she had no understanding where that specific superstition came from. Later to break the quote down, the dead doesn’t walk backwards but they do walk behind us with no lungs to breath or cannot call but would love for us to turn around. Superstitions are to be used and known all across the world. According to Keisha Stephen-Gittens from Outlish Magazine quotes â€Å"Since I was a child, I used to hear my grandmother telling my mother that if she came home after midnight, she better had walk in the house backwards so that spirits don’t follow her inside. That’s funny, because many of us feters would have some ‘back walking’ to do. So, I was surprised to find that almost 60% of the persons I randomly surveyed still do this today. I followed this superstition religiously until I moved out on my own, and then, ironically, I would just ook left, right and around before I entered my apartment. You’d think I would be really afraid – and in a way yes, but I was looking for bandits, not spirits. However, the way things goin’ these days, is bess we look for both yes! We’ve also been told to close doors facing the outside so that spirits don’t follow you inside. Th ere are other superstitions about spirits and death and our older folks would tell these with a passion and intensity that would send you to bed quivering, wanting a pillow to hug up and sleeping with one eye open. If you’re alone in the house and you hear someone call your name, would you answer? I won’t. The ole folks used to say do not answer, ’cause it could be a spirit calling. I think this is a given. I’ve watched too many horror movies to know what the outcome of THAT could be. † Jon Eben Field states â€Å"The female body is a powerful signifier in these poems. † Short Talks invokes the last thirty years of Camille Claudel’s life in an asylum (Claudel was a French sculptor who worked from 1884 to 1898 as an assistant to Auguste Rodin). After noting that Claudel broke all the sculpting stone given to her, Carson writes, â€Å"Night was when her hands grew, huger and huger until in the photograph they are like two parts of someone else loaded onto her knees. † Claudel’s hands are both her own and not her own; they have grown through disuse and misuse. But the absence is discovered in the formless broken stones that are buried with these hands, now so gargantuan. In â€Å"Short Talk On Rectification,† Carson depicts the infamous relationship between Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer: â€Å"Kafka liked to have his watch an hour and a half fast. Felice kept setting it right. Nonetheless for five years they almost married. † Ultimately, it is the body of Felice that overwhelms Kafka, for as Carson writes, â€Å"When advised not to speak by the doctors in the sanatorium, he left glass sentences all over the floor. Felice, says one of them, had too much nakedness left in her. † This signals the second most pervasive theme of these poems, the devastating plenitude of too much. † Eula Biss’ The Pain Scale is about how no matter how much something is painful, no pain lasts forever. Throughout the article Biss gives examples of pain as she goes from 0 to 10 on a pain scale. She gives examples like if you are at a zero, you feel no pain therefore you could be fine. If you are at a 1, you could take some aspirin and be fine the next day. If you are at an 8 you might need some examining. If you are at a nine then, you are suffering and it gets even worse at a level ten which is unbearable. The Pain Scale, Eula Biss claims that no pain lasts forever. Biss goes on to say that when you experience the pain regardless of how bad the pain is, once the pain goes away; you can’t feel the pain anymore. I got a feeling that the author is indifferent to pain and does not know how to feel or describe it. I felt that the author’s mind is being guided by what her father use to tell her. She does not know how to describe what she is feeling or think for herself. The author feels as if excruciating pain does not exist. She sees zero as a number that does not do the same thing as the other numbers and she uses biblical illusions concerning Jesus.. The author goes back and forth from her pain theory and analysis, to her current pain situation. She is obviously feeling some pain but she thinks the face chart does not help her know what level she is that. She lies to the doctor to not seem foolish but really she does have great pain. The author thinks that if she admits to her great physical pain, she will seem pathetic and exaggerated. The author has apparent physical pain but also mental trauma from her father the physician. Her psychological pain I think is greater than her physical one in a couple of ways. I agree with Biss on this issue. Overall, I believe that no pain lasts forever. If a person were to ask another how something felt, they could never sit there and visualize the full effect of that pain right then and there unless you go through the same pain again at the time being. Our Secret by Susan Griffin is a hybrid of memoir, history, and journalism, and is built with these discrete strands: the Holocaust; women affected by World War II directly or indirectly in their treatment by husbands and fathers; the harsh, repressive boyhood of Heinrich Himmler, who grew up to command Nazi rocketry and became the key architect of Jewish genocide; the testimony of a man scarred by war; and Griffin’s own desperately unhappy family life and harsh, repressed girlhood. In between these chunks are short italic passages of just a few sentences on cell biology—for instance, how the shell around the nucleus of the cell allows only some substances to pass through—and on the development of guided missiles in Germany and, later, by many of the same scientists, in the United States, where nuclear warheads were added and the ICBM created. Researching her book in Paris, Griffin meets a woman, Helene, who survived one of Himmler’s death camps. She’d been turned in by another Jew and tracked down using a net of information—a system tracing back to Himmler’s boyhood diaries—collected on cards and sent to the Gestapo for duplication and filing, the work of countless men and women. In the article â€Å"Translating Translation: Finding the Beginning,† Alberto Alvaro Rios claims that the act is the translation by presenting translation as a metaphor and how cultures are different. Rios goes on to say that how something is said, the language can be figured. In Rios’ article, he had multiple examples of how cultures are different. Some of the examples that he expressed where how a man was put in jail, forgotten about and never said anything, how his house painting went wrong when he was young, and how Rios had a misinterpretation about fighting. I agree with Rios on this issue when he stated that learning languages can be similar to looking through a set of binoculars. Overall, I believe that it is true that the simplest word can have many definitions and interpretations. For example: when Rios moved into his new home when he was younger. His mother wanted the wall to be yellow but the Mexican thought she wanted it to be lime green due to the fact that said â€Å"limon. † Another example was when the boy asked how many fights has he had. The boy meant physical fighting but Rios meant the fight he has had learning a new language. I believe that the metaphors were very effective because they helped understand the main key points Rios was trying to make. Alberto Rios states â€Å"Linguists, by using electrodes on the vocal cords, have been able to demonstrate that English has tenser vowels than, for example, Spanish. The body itself speaks a language differently, so that moving from one language to another is more than translating words. It’s getting the body ready as well. It’s getting the heart ready along with the mind. I’ve been intrigued by this information. It addresses the physicality of language in a way that perhaps surprises us. In this sense, we forget that words aren’t simply what they mean – they are also physical acts. I often talk about the duality of language using the metaphor of binoculars, how by using two lenses one might see something better, closer, with more detail. The apparatus, the binoculars, are of course physically clumsy – as is the learning of two languages, and all the signage and so on that this entails – they’re clumsy, but once put to the eyes a new world in that moment opens up to us. And it’s not a new world at all – it’s the same world, but simply better seen, and therefore better understood. † Overall, metaphors will elevate your writing, taking something plain and transforming it into something beautiful. Poetry is full of metaphors. If you need to, use one of your rewriting cycles just to add metaphors to your story. Imagine how greater your story will be with the use of metaphors. Metaphors will free up your imagination, which will take your story in directions you may not have planned on. Enjoy the surprises that metaphors will bring to you! How to cite The Use of Metaphors, Papers

Sustainability in Consumption Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ensuring Sustainability in Consumption. Answer: Introduction Not all the products available in the market are entirely safe. As such, the consumption of some products may cause adverse effects on the environment and even the health or welfare of those who use these commodities. The task of ensuring sustainability in consumption does not just belong to the government and other environmental bodies that want to promote safe consumption and production. Marketers, in their quest, to make sales and promote particular products to their targets also have a part to play in making sure there is sustainability in consumption. A look at howmarketing is generally done reveals that marketers are not doing enough in ensuring that there is sustainable consumption. Discussion Sustainable consumption is basically the use of products and services in such a manner that there is minimal damage to the environment or negative social impacts such as gradual health damage. This is done with the aim of making sure that the future remains bright for generations to come. Marketers influence how decision making happens on the part of the consumers. They may encourage or discourage certain consumption habits that are in line with sustainable development (Prothero et.al, 2011). Hence, they are an important element in promoting sustainable consumption. Most marketers today, however, do not care much about consumers, a fact that is worrying. Most of the marketers today do not care about the type of products that they promote. Notably, a good number do not even use the products they consume. They are more concerned with meeting their companys sales goals even without having critically examined what they are promoting(Holt,2012). One sector that is riddled with unscrupulous marketers and salesmen is the beauty industry. There are quite a number of beauty products that have flooded markets throughout the world which contain harmful chemicals such as mercury. These pollute the environment upon their disposal and over time may cause injury to plants animals and the general population (Segal and Podoshen, 2013). Sadly, it is not uncommon to find marketers still advocating for the use of these products despite their known effects. This means that a good number do not make efforts towards sustainable consumption.a Very few marketers address overconsumption. This means that some consumers tend to buy a good number of products that they may not be in need of, especially if the marketer is gifted in product promotion. When this is the case, some of these products end up at the dump site or may be improperly discarded thereby damaging the environment or causing injury. The hand drill, for example, is one product that most people buy only to use for just a few minutes of its lifespan This is especially the case in countries where there are qualified craftsmen who charge less for their services (Anon, 2017). Marketers sometimes even go to the extent of encouraging bulk buying of particular products, advising that they may soon run out of stock. This results in the purchase of unnecessary products, something that is contrary to sustainable consumption. It is common to find marketers promoting or selling products that have been out phased. This is especially the case in electronics (Lorek and Spangenberg, 2014). The fact that it is not common to find marketers who immediately change to the sale of new products reinforces the fact that most marketers are not doing enough to direct their targets towards sustainable consumption. Sometimes these products that they do not stop promoting are usually left for reasons such as being inefficient or being detrimental to consumer health. This means that the goal of sustainable consumption and production is not treated with the seriousness that it deserves. Sometimes, some marketers even intentionally conceal information such as the serviceability of products as they try to make enough sales. This should not the case. A good number of marketers also fail to effectively promote sustainable production due to the fact that they do not make information useful for their consumers. Some consumers need only seconds to make up their mind about a product. These types of people may sometimes be impressed by products such as those that use renewable energy for example solar powered machine (Cherian and Jacob 2012). When a marketer concentrates on advertising how such products work instead of information like this, it becomes hard to promote the sale of products that promote sustainable consumption. In addition, marketers sometimes fail to encourage behavioral change among consumers with the result being that they do find good reasons for prudent consumption. It is therefore important for marketers to factor in very useful information, especially when dealing with clients that are interested in green products. Conclusion To sum up, marketers still have a huge gap to fill when it comes to promoting sustainable consumption. Most of them care more about making the targeted amount of sales as opposed to promoting the right behavioral consumer traits. A good number do not provide the right information to the consumers and some even encourage overconsumption. This should change since improper or unsustainable consumption may endanger the environment and the future generations. References Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.credport.org/blog/12-Why-a-Drill-is-a-Bad-Example-for-the-Sharing-Economy [Accessed 5 Aug. 2017]. Cherian, J. and Jacob, J., 2012. Green marketing: A study of consumers attitude towards environment friendly products.Asan social science,8(12), p.117. Holt, D.B., 2012. Constructing sustainable consumption: From ethical values to the cultural transformation of unsustainable markets.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,644(1), pp.236-255. Lorek, S. and Spangenberg, J.H., 2014. Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economybeyond green growth and green economies.Journal of cleaner production,63, pp.33-44. Prothero, A., Dobscha, S., Freund, J., Kilbourne, W.E., Luchs, M.G., Ozanne, L.K. and Thgersen, J., 2011. Sustainable consumption: Opportunities for consumer research and public policy.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,30(1), pp.31-38. Segal, B. and Podoshen, J.S., 2013. An examination of materialism, conspicuous consumption and gender differences.International Journal of Consumer Studies,37(2), pp.189-198.

Marketing strategy Aussie Fresh

Abstract It is important to understand that even though the market opportunity in Vietnam seems to be promising, there are associated risks for the foreign investors. Continuous consultation from competent and qualified market analysts is the key to success any company that intends to invest in Vietnam.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing strategy: Aussie Fresh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organizations should be able identify the evolving market trends and make the necessary long-term and short-term reinforcements in order to survive in the market. Aussie Fresh should adopt direct export as the entry strategy since the other entry modes seem unfavorable in Vietnam. Introduction Background The production of wine in Australia has drastically increased in the past leading to oversupply of wine in the Australian market. Even though the rate of local consumption has increased, the production rates have increased more forcing the wine industries to seek foreign investment (Davis, 2005, p.1). In order to have a successful foreign investment, the company has to understand the market environment at the foreign market and adopt a marketing strategy that can help it gain a competitive advantage over the other companies in the same market. It needs to understand the internal and external forces that might influence its operations at the foreign establishment. The export market also receives increasing competition. This calls a continuous assessment and evaluation of the market trends by the company (Davis, 2005, p.2). It should be the aim of the organization not only to have a competitive advantage over the others but also to sustain the advantage for long (Peng, 2008, p16). Purpose of the report The report is intended to help in developing a marketing strategy that Aussie Fresh can adopt when establishing a foreign investment in Vietnam. The wine industry in Vietnam, the analysis o f internal and external factors the company, the country profile for Vietnam, and the suggested strategies are presented in details. In-depth Business case analysis Vietnam country profile and PESTEL Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, which seceded from China in the first half of the tenth century A.D. During their struggle for independence, the Vietnamese were almost thrown out of their home country by the colonial power. The result was a politically divided nation and this rivalry continued and was evident during the Vietnam War.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The war continued and in 1975, the war between the North Vietnamese and the South Vietnamese ended resulting into of the two in 1976. Vietnam was now a politically stable nation after a very long struggle. Various political and economic reforms could now be put in place by the government. The country could now feature and participate in the international market as it developed good relations with other countries. Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization in 2007, and was committed to its terms and conditions. The country has succeeded in making good international relations and this has led to a rapid economic growth in the country in the recent past. It has been projected by Citigroup that the rapid economic growth is set to continue being experienced in the country in the future. The report by Citigroup ranked Vietnam the top among the countries termed as Global Growth Generators (Citigroup, 2011). The country is expected to have a high growth rate of real per capita Gross Domestic Product of 6.4% between 2010 and 2050. The population census that was conducted in April 2009 showed that the country had about 86 million people. The figure is projected to be about 89 million people currently in the country and is expected to hit 112 million mark in 2050 (Citigroup, 201). Out of this population, about 85% percent belong to the ‘Kinh’ community. There are over 50 other minor ethnic groups but the Kinh community dominates most parts of the country. It has the greatest control on both the political and economic development in the area. Their culture dominates the region suppressing the other cultures in the country. The official language in the country is Vietnamese, which traces its roots from the Chinese language as it uses some of the Chinese characters. Most studies that were carried out in Vietnam were mainly in the areas of humanities. Scholars had much attention in areas like philosophy and linguistics for a relatively long period. This has, however improved gradually with studies in fields like mathematics and social sciences. Their applications in the adoption of the modern technologies started to be seen.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing strategy: Aussie Fresh specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of media in Vietnam is one f the technological aspects that were seen in the country. Media in Vietnam has had the challenge that most of the operations of the media outlets are under the control of the government. There are no independent outspoken media outlets that can operate contrary to the government’s restrictions (Amnesty international, 2010, p2). The country has a national radio broadcasting service that goes beyond the country through satellite transmission. There is also the Vietnam television that is also a state-owned media house. Print media is also available in Vietnam and has been useful to the government in informing the public of the government policies in relation to the local and international trade. The use of internet is also available in Vietnam. However, the government puts both the technical and legal restrictions on its use. There had been cases where internet users are arrested and charged in court due to their online activities (Amnesty international, 2010, p2). The legislations in Vietnam are not friendly to the citizens and foreigners. The government restrictions on human rights and privileges are evident. Their 1992 constitution talks of the right of freedom of expression but on condition, that it is in accordance the other strict requirements of the law (Amnesty International, 2010, p.2). An institutional analysis The market in Vietnam is not fully developed and can be likened to the other upcoming global markets. The country has a civilized population with unique cultural values and practices. However, it has been observed that the business environment in the country is uniquely defined and marketing strategies that have proved successful in the other parts of Asia may not be applicable in Vietnam (Diep, 2011). Even within the country, there is an evidence of difference in consumer cultures, which calls for an integrated system of marketing strategies. It was observed that a ma rketing strategy that was successful in one part of the country might not be successful in the other part of the country due to the cultural diversity (Diep, 2011). Just like in any other country where the citizens tend to adopt the Western lifestyle, the urban population is often attracted to the new and modern brands from the west. The population often chooses their brands in regard to the financial and social status of an individual in the society. The same scenario is witnessed in the wine consumption in Vietnam.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It has also been noted that this population positively respond to the advertisements and sales promotions that are performed on new brands (Diep, 2011). It was also pointed out that once the consumers have been attracted to a particular product brand, it takes a relatively longer period for another competing company to lure them into their products. Wine industry in Vietnam and other Asian countries Porter’s five forces analysis Wine production in the Asian countries like China and Vietnam is set to increase in the near future due to the increased production of raw materials. Most of these countries do not have a climate that favors the production of grape. However, they have opted to adopt mechanized farming systems and modern technology in the production of wine (Griffin, 1996). The learning institutions have also established curriculum that provides an extensive research on wine and win production. The increased wine production using the modern technology that has been see n in China and Vietnam is the project of a foreign wine production company called Allied Domecq (Griffin, 1996). This implies that there are chances that more investors will be attracted to the industry. The advantage that a foreign investor in the wine industry in Vietnam can enjoy is that the production by the Vietnamese is in the process of developing. It has been pointed out that the French only introduced the techniques of coffee and bread making and never introduced the technique of wine making in Vietnam (Griffin, 1996). Besides, the variety of grapes that is set to be used for wine making has been found to be unfit for such production and is set to adopted tentatively as other fit varieties are being developed. A competing company with reliable source of recommended raw products can easily utilize this looming opportunity to gain a competitive advantage. One of the challenges that are to be faced by the company’s operations in Vietnam is the poor infrastructure in the country. Good means of transport is one of the key drivers of globalization (Ghemawa 2007, p.14). Even though the country is developing and it is in the process of improving the limited infrastructure, the system of distribution channels requires further strategies by the business organization. Another challenge to be faced in exporting wine to Vietnam is the high rate of import tax levied on the imported products (Diep, 2011). However, there is an expectation that the tax rates will go down due to the intervention by the World trade Organization in the monetary and fiscal policies that are to be used in Vietnam. The market analysis of the consumption of wine in relation to other substitute products still indicates a possible increase in wine consumption. It was observed that even though a bottle of wine could buy more than a dozen f beer, there was a constant by the natives especially in the urban centers from beer to wine consumption (Diep, 2011). There has been a remarkable chan ge in the channel of distribution for wine products in the country with the product being available for sale at both the local retail stores, supermarkets, and the hypermarkets. The latest report by the Australian trade Commission showed that the promising areas of the wine industry in Vietnam include ‘white and red wines, rose, desert wines, sparkling wines, cask and bulk wine for local bottling and the hospitality industry’ (Diep, 2011). The wine that is imported from Australia into Vietnam forms about 15% of the total imported wines in the country (Diep, 2011). The largest percentage of the imports is the French wine with Australian wines having the second largest share of the imports In the past couples of years, there has been a remarkable economic growth rate experienced in the country, which makes it a suitable export market for the Australian wines. The region has about 87 million consumers of wine and the rate of sales at the local retail stores is promising (D iep, 2011). The figure is set to increase in the coming years due to the changing life styles that are currently being experienced in the region. Traditionally, the consumers of wine used to be the foreigners in the country o the country’s nationals who had been to the western country and back. However, the adoption of the western culture and the growing economy in the area that leads to improved living standards makes the local population the major consumers of wine in Vietnam (Diep, 2011). This provides handsome opportunities for the Australian wine producers to compete for the market of their product in Vietnam. SWOT analysis and VRIO summaries The proximity of Australia to Asia provides a good opportunity for expansion the company’s business operations. The cost of transportation is relatively lower and shipment of products can be done daily (Peterson et al 2000, p.32). The company can also boast of the ability to obtain the raw materials throughout the season. Thi s leads to a constant production of the company’s products in relation to the prevailing market demands. The high use of modern technology in Australia can also enable Aussie Fresh to manufacture products that are modern to capture the Vietnamese consumers who are attracted to new and modern products. A high cost of production is one of the problems faced by the company. The agricultural products in Australia, which are the raw material for wine production, are relatively expensive perhaps due to the farming practices that are adopted by the farmers (Peterson et al 2000, p.32). The market for wine in Vietnam is under a stiff competition from other investors like France. The French wine is currently the leading imported wine in the region and might sustain the competitive advantage due to their improved technology. Besides, one marketing technique that might be adopted is use of sales promotions and advertisements through the media. This is not very possible due to extensive l egislative regulations put on the media usage. However, it is important to note that wine production by the local companies in Vietnam is still very low due to lack of resources and the appropriate expertise. Evaluation of two modes of entry There are different modes of entry that a company seeking to establish a new foreign investment. Two of these modes are examined below. Franchising This is an entry strategy whereby a new company enters a deal with an existing company to use the latter’s brand name. In franchising, a company (franchisor) develops a marketing model and sells its operation to another company (Spinelli et al, 2004, p.2). It has the advantage that the establishment of a foreign investment is faster and cheaper when the operations are managed by some third party established in the region. The franchisor does not have to bear the full risks of foreign investment. However, it requires that there be a true commitment between the franchisees and the parent compani es (Kutz, 2004). The production and marketing processes are not under the full control of the parent company (Peng, 2008, p171). J.V.P This involves two or more companies forming a joint company. A foreign company collaborates with some local partner to have a joint operation. It has the advantage that risks and costs of production are shared among the partners. The foreign company is also able to learn more about the host country in order to develop future independent marketing strategies (Peng, 2008, p172). However, it is important to note that the operations in these joint companies are not smooth due to the diversities that often exist among the partners. There are always disagreements in decision-making process. It does not provide the foreign partner a substantial control over the operations (Peng, 2008, p172). Conclusion- summary and recommendation Both the above entry modes have the disadvantage of the lack of full control over its operations. The entry strategy that should be adopted by Aussie Fresh is direct export as it has less associated risks in relation the evaluated market situations in Vietnam. It has the advantage the company has a direct access to its foreign customers (Peng, 2008, p139). The company may tentatively use local distributors by carefully examining and assessing the trade agreements that have been signed between the two nations The company should attempt to adopt the business culture that prevails in Vietnam. It should identify the suitable distributors and sales agents for their products. To win a large market share, it should liaise with retailers like supermarkets, hypermarkets, hotels, and restaurants for the distribution of their products. This will improve the consumers’ access to the products. The company’s warehouses should be located in convenient places that are easily accessible by water transport. The most convenient locations are near the Vietnamese local distribution centers that are definitely access ible by some sea freight. Much of the products should be shipped through the sea while a small proportion of the shipment can be through the air. Advertisement and promotions are a better means of ensuring that the company captures a large market share in the Vietnam market. It was noted that the consumers in Vietnam are highly sensitive to advertisement and promotion of new products. Reference List Amnesty International. 2010. Amnesty International testimony on religious and human rights situation in Vietnam. Web. Available from: http://tlhrc.house.gov/docs/transcripts/2010_08_18_Vietnam/Testimonies/T_Kumar_Amnesty_Testimony.pdf . Citigroup. 2011. Vietnam tops 11 fastest-growing countries by 2050: report (Online) Available from http://en.stockbiz.vn/News/2011/3/2/186079/vietnam-tops-11-fastest-growing-countries-by-2050-report.aspx Davis, T., 2005. Using the Bulk Wine Market to Explain Oversupply in the Australian Wine Industry. Journal of Wine Research, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 249â₠¬â€œ258. Web. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=9sid=2ee6dd76-0191-4806-a1e2-9788540c2ddf%40sessionmgr13vid=8 . Diep, A., 2011. Vietnam’s market for Australian wine. Web. Available from: http://www.dynamicexport.com.au/articles/markets/vietnams-market-for-australian-wine-6821/ . Ghemawa, P., 2007. Redefining global strategy: crossing borders in a world where differences. NY: Harvard Business Press. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=8iPXgr7oJ9MCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Global+Strategyhl=enei=waB0Tfz6Fsio8QOakaGvCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-preview-linkresnum=4ved=0CD4QuwUwAw#v=onepageq=Australiaf=false Griffin, J., 1996. The art and science in modern Asian wines. Asian Business Review, Jun96. Web. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?hid=17sid=3da6105a-25cf-45a2-b851-c2edeab4d836%40sessionmgr112vid=4bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=9607096112 . Kutz, R., 2004. To Franchise, Or Not To Franchise. I nc, Vol. 26, Issue 2, p34-36. Web. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?hid=107sid=2ee6dd76-0191-4806-a1e2-9788540c2ddf%40sessionmgr13vid=9bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=11916480 Peng, M. W., 2009. Global Strategy. Second edition. Ohio: South-Western Cengage. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=EizYm46Kv_ACprintsec=frontcoverdq=Global+Strategyhl=enei=waB0Tfz6Fsio8QOakaGvCAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-preview-linkresnum=1ved=0CC8QuwUwAA#v=onepageq=Franchisingf=true . Peterson, J. et al. 2000. Chain Stocktake of some Australian Agricultural and Fishing Industries. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. Web. Available from: http://adl.brs.gov.au/brsShop/data/PC12761.pdf . Spinelli, S. et al. 2004. Franchising: pathway to wealth creation. Upper Saddle River: FT Press. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=xqiwiTz_iF4Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=franchisinghl=enei=DJJ0TeTOJsrxsgbe1KGEDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-preview-linkresnum=1ve d=0CDsQuwUwAA#v=onepageqf=true . This assessment on Marketing strategy: Aussie Fresh was written and submitted by user Antonio Gonzales to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

At the opening of act V of the tempest Essay Example

At the opening of act V of the tempest Essay Example At the opening of act V of the tempest Paper At the opening of act V of the tempest Paper e. g. the use of antithesis tells us about the once evil Prospero (`fury` and `vengeance`),and tells us about the now kind and forgiving Prospero (`reason` and `virtue`). This essay has now analysed and explained some of the numerous ways in which Shakespeare assists the audience into believing in Prospero’s abrupt change of heart.

Discuss the differences and similiraties for the characters, content Essay

Discuss the differences and similiraties for the characters, content and writing style for the Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison and - Essay Example The families are segregated and discriminated by the dominant society and pushed to take resort to isolation. It is the isolation that makes the parental characters violent, neglectful and careless to their children. In return, the children also are forced to isolate themselves from the family as well as from the society. The most haunting theme that both of the two novels contain is the association of whiteness with every sphere of a black’s life in a white dominated society. It is not a mere phenomenon of life; rather it is the prerequisite for love and romance; the standard of beauty, symbol of decency for Pecola. In the same manner, whiteness, especially, blond hair is the symbol of beauty. Since she is a fat black girl, she is in constant self-admonishment that she is ugly. Both of the two novels deal with the devastating impacts of color-based on the growth of teenage psychology as well as on the whole black community. The color-based racism misguides them to find their worth in color, that is, the beauty or whiteness of their skin. Whereas Pecola finds relief from this color-based beauty in her service a white woman’s home, Maya seeks relief and feels confidence in herself by learning to challenge the white dominance. Both of them feel that they are ugly and longs for beauty. But neither of the two can surpass the stern reality that they are black and therefore ugly by birth. Maya describes the unbearable pain of being segregated and humiliated by the whites in the following lines My race groaned. It was our people falling. It was another lynching, yet another Black man hanging on a tree. One more woman ambushed and raped. . . . This might be the end of the world. If Joe lost we were back in slavery and beyond help. It would all be true, the accusations that we were lower types of human beings. (Angelou 58) Indeed their tragic flaw lies in the fact that they taught by the society believe that beauty lies in whiteness. But when Maya learns a bout the insidious nature of racism and finds her worth in being able to revolt against this racism and learns that white beauty is nothing but the racial discrimination of the white society in which she lives, Pecola’s relief in working for the white woman dooms her further by deeply rooting the belief in her mind that she is cursed by birth and she can never have Caucasian blue eye and whiteness. Indeed Pecola blindfolded by her romantic notion of love that if she does not have the blue eye, she will not be loved, as the narrator says, â€Å"It had occurred to Pecola some time ago that if her eyes, those eyes that held the pictures, and knew the sights—if those eyes of hers were different, that is to say, beautiful, she herself would be different† (Morison 89). But she cannot perceive that the white definition of beauty and blue eye is essentially the result of racial discrimination. Therefore she further becomes vulnerable to an eternal depression. Indeed whe reas Maya gets vigorous support from her grandmother, Pecola is deprived of such familial support. In this regard, Pecola is in utter contrast with Claudia and Frieda who are mentally strong in the face of racial adversaries. They vigorously and actively take a stance against the discrimination as well as any adversaries of life. They continued to support Pecola

Egypt vs Saudi Arabia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Egypt vs Saudi Arabia - Term Paper Example b. Egypt, it has a better history in political parties’ formation and practice, than Saudi Arabia. The existence of Liberation Rally, Nation Union, Arab Socialist Union and National Democratic Parties provided a better platform for the political leadership to introduce change in Egypt. a. Earlier networks of political groups and social formations that had carried traditions of resistance through the period of repression became mobilized beneath the surface of dictatorial order (Paulsen n.d.). 3. With the leadership of the country limited to one Royal family, there may lack instabilities in the governance, but active and talented leadership skills within the communities will always be left out. a. Most of the Middle East countries have large deposits of petroleum oil, and gases which attracts powerful nations, if not forcefully getting involved in the commotions of these Arab countries, in the name of providing a solution, but rather their intentions are to keep them closer for future reasons. a. The army leaders in Egypt realized that that their establishments could present a valuable role under new administration, and thus were willing to dare throwing out the old guard as they were not personal instruments of the ruler (Gause III 2011). A. The System and rule of governance between Egypt and Saudi Arabia’s leadership, international relations, countries’ security structure and role, and the law reform give the explanation for Saudi Arabia and Egypt divergence in outcomes. B. Egypt uprising was strongly supported by protestors in conjunction with political parties presence.

Democracy in 19th Century Western Europe

Democracy in 19th Century Western Europe Democracy in 19th century western europe â€Å"How democratic were France, Germany and Britain by 1900?† Table of contents: Part I: Summary; Part II: Outline; Part III: Limitation of this study; Part IV: Democracy in France; Part V: Democracy in Germany; Part VI: Democracy in Britain; Part VII: Conclusion. Part I: Summary: Just over a century ago, the kind of government that existed in these frontline western European states was a far cry from what is seen today. The political earthquake called the French Revolution had its epicentre in France, but its rumblings were felt through most of the continent, as well as in faraway colonies, leaving the politics of most European countries in a state of flux. But the intended harvest of this revolution, an obliteration of monarchy and the rule of law, the indispensable elements of a democracy, took its time to get ingrained in the political systems of these countries, and evolved as a form of government very differently in each of the three countries taken up in this paper. If the advent of Napoleon affected these three countries, and the Vienna Congress stunted France and Germany’s graduation to democracy, the internal political dynamics in all these countries were different from each other’s. In Britain, whose brand of democrac y was mixed, the Reform Acts turned out to be milestones on the road to democracy. Such serious and well-intended steps to democracy were not taken in the other two countries. This is mainly because France kept seesawing between monarchy and autocracy through most of the 19th century, while Germany was a disparate state for most of that century. In sum, in Britain, by the end of the 19th century, a parliamentary democracy, which the nation had been having for a long time, was fairly well established, although under a monarchy. The same was not the case with the other two; in all, Germany enjoyed the least democracy. The reasons for this discrepancy form the backbone of this paper. Part II: Outline: This paper takes up separately the extent to which democracy was ushered in into these three countries. In each of these cases, a narration is made of how democracy developed. Since the nature of this paper is analytical, too much detail is not made of this aspect; this explanation is given only to reinforce the thesis question. The starting point for the evolution of democracy in each of these countries is taken up separately. This is for the simple reason that while the French Revolution happened in France, such an event did not take place in the other two countries. For these, appropriate historically important dates or events are taken up. Part III: Limitation of this study: While 1789 may be termed a signal event for modern democracy, no event of such importance concerning democracy happened in 1900, the cut off date for this paper. However, since this is the period up to which this paper is concerned, it restricts itself to developments in most parts of the 19th century, in which the major themes were unification for Germany, political uncertainty for France, and the reform of the parliamentary system in the Victorian Era for Britain.    Part IV: Democracy in France: France was home to one of the watershed political events of modern Europe, the French Revolution, in which the people rose in revolt with the slogan, war to the chà ¢teaux, peace to the cottages. The gravity and repercussions of this event are far too great to bear banal repetition; however, while the essential aim of the Revolution was to bring an end to the autocratic and inept regimes that misruled the nation, (Frey Frey, 2004, p. 57) the result it sought to instil, democracy, did not have a smooth inception or development, either, suffering from several long and enduring birth pangs. Strangely, for most part of the 19th century, it seemed as if the great revolution had turned out to be no more than an isolated, standalone event. The dividend the Revolution sought to pay, democracy, had to wait for a seemingly interminable period of time to fructify and get implanted in the nation’s political system, because the succession of governments it brought were anything but democratic. Leading political figures of the day, such as Robespierre feared that the system the revolution put in place was one which had a penchant for forgetting â€Å"the interests of the people†, would â€Å"lapse into the hands of corrupt individuals†, and worst of all, â€Å"reestablish the old tyranny† (Cohen, 1997, p. 130) Later decades showed that his prognosis was not far off the mark. The decades following the Revolution saw a chain of events, none of which took the country anywhere near democracy, the avowed aim of the Revolution. The years from the Revolution to the Franco-Prussian War saw political fissures of one or another kind, which had no semblance of democracy, starting with the ascent of Napoleon, perhaps the most powerful dictator the country had ever produced. His defeat was followed by the Restoration of the monarchy; this gave rise to the Revolution of 1830, and the rule of Louis Philippe, till 1848. It took another revolution to bring down his regime, this time in 1848. Finally, this heralded the era of the Second Republic, and the tenure of the fickle Napoleon III, leading to another event of seminal importance for the nation, the Franco-Prussian war, to be followed by yet another Republic, the Third. (Haine, 2000, p. 97) This regime, too heavily weighed down by palace intrigues, scandals, wars and renewed national pride in the wake of a highly rec harged and resurgent neighbour, Prussia, (Wright, 1916, pp. 2-4) was left with little room or time for democracy. Nothing of import happened in the period till the end of the 19th century to necessitate the emergence of a democracy. Part V: Democracy in Germany: Germany’s tryst with democracy in the 19th century needs to be seen in circumstances that were peculiar and unique to the nation’s history. This was when the German people united as a nation for the first time.   They had been a loosely knit confederation of princely states that owed its allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire by the time of the French Revolution; yet, in about a century of this event, they had been cobbled together almost magically under the Prussian banner. A series of moves replete with uninhibited daredevilry, gamble, deceit and sheer diplomatic astuteness on the part of its Chancellor, Otto Von Bismarck had united the German people, ridding them of the yoke of Austrian domination of its peoples. (Snell, 1976, pp. 3, 4) However, Germany had only been united, resulting in the realisation of a long-lasting and cherished dream of a German nation; this did not in any way mean that a democracy had been put in place. Even so, the newly-knit entity did not have the prerequisite groundwork for democracy, suffering from a basic flaw –it â€Å"was constructed by its princes, not by its people. That important fact distinguished Germany from nations like England, France, and the United States, where the constitutions were designed with the consent of the governed. The German Empire was a federation of sovereign states, its constitution created by a treaty among the hereditary rulers of those states. The wars of unification were not revolutionary popular movements; they were narrowly focused international conflicts designed by Bismarck to help Prussia eliminate Austrian power within Germany and to create a new Prussian-led German nation within Europe.†Ã‚   (Turk, 1999, pp. xvii-null22) Whatever spattering of democracy the nation had towards the fag end of the century was limited to social democracy, in which it was confined to labour unions. (Berghahn, 1994, p. 160) Part VI: Democracy in Britain: The year 1815 is considered a benchmark for the politics of Britain, as it was for several other European countries, for the simple reason that this year saw the end of the power and influence of one of the greatest nemeses it ever saw, Napoleon. However, while this was the major issue for the nation externally, Britain had its share of internal problems, as well, during this century. The Industrial Revolution brought in its wake dramatic changes which the nation had to ingest, with both the promises and the pitfalls it spawned. Among the most important social effects the Industrial Revolution had on the nation was a near-explosion in population, and the drawbacks of nascent industrialisation, at which it had no forerunners from any part of the world. Thus, the greatest priority at that time was a set of policies that gave the country social solidity and some element of peace. (McCord, 1991, p. 1) With the high rates of population growth and their atte ndant problems such as high infant mortality being great priorities during the early part of the 19th century, (Brown, 1991, p. 30) the air of politics was abuzz with the question of which of the institutions the British had so assiduously built up over the previous centuries was best suited to give coherence to the society that was changing at a feverish pace. In this milieu, the emphasis for British politics was more over what kind of reform was suited and needed for the society, polity and the economy, rather than which form of government was best suited to carry these changes out. Opinion was sharply divided among the Conservatives and the Liberals about which of its institutions could carry the day for Britain. The unshakable British faith in the monarchy was as firm as ever, not diluting or eroding even slightly on account of these changes. (Park, 1950, pp. 3-5)   In essence, the 19th century, during whose most part Britain was under the rule of one of its longest-reigning monarchs, Queen Victoria, saw the emergence of a peculiarly hybridised, yet often contradictory system of governance. Quintessential democratic institutions, such as the parliament, the judiciary, the cabinet and the local government were alive and well, but functioned under a monarchy. On the one hand, fair and free elections, the ultimate identifier of a democracy, were being held with amazing regularity; on the other, it could not be denied that participation in these elections was limited to the handful of rich and powerful. It was to correct this set of imbalances and to draw more people into the electorate that the Reform Acts were passed. The basic intent of these sets of legislation was the promotion of greater democracy, by drawing the excluded and marginalised sections of society into the electorate. (Pugh, 1999, p. 20) The nation went through three Reform Acts, passed in 1832, 1867 and 1884, whose central aim was increasing the numbers of the electorate. (Hammond Foot, 1952, pp. 212-214) At about the time these Acts were passed, a parallel social and political reform movement, Chartism, was very active. The basic demand of this radical, unionised movement was greater political participation for the working classes, so that the fruits of the Industrial Revolution percolated down to the labour class, too. (Maccoby, 1935, p. 33) However, in the light of the needs of the day, and the priority these Acts had, they met with little success in actually bringing in democracy to the country. What has been said about the Reform Act of 1832, perhaps holds good for the other Acts, too –that they were â€Å"†¦an excellent example of the British skill of muddling through. An aristocracy muddled through to a democracy, taking many of the aristocratic virtues with them; and they muddled through from an age of privilege to an age of numbers. The democratic implications of the act(s) were not in fact revealed for more than a generation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Smellie, 1962, p. 164) As a result, through most of the Victorian Era, although efforts were made haltingly towards bringing in more democracy, there was no more than a sprinkling of democracy; even this happened at the grassroots level, being restricted to the municipal level, as a series of Acts were passed at the local government level. (Harrison, 1996, p. 20) Part VII: Conclusion: A study of the thesis question throws up a mixed picture. Overall, democracy, so essential a feature of these countries today, had had to make a bumpy and potholed journey. In all these countries, democracy was nebulous and uncertain in the 19th century, albeit in varying degrees. In Britain, a parliamentary democracy was very much in full bloom, but the inherent love and pride of the British people for their monarchy pre-empted a switch to a full-fledged democratic form of government. As a result, these democratic institutions functioned under a monarchy that controlled the largest empire of the day. In France, the scene was different. In the absence of democratic institutions of the kind Britain had nurtured, the governance the French Revolution brought about vacillated between various kinds, with the result that democracy took a backseat. In Germany, the struggles inherent in a newly unified nation, coupled with its naivety in running its newly developing imperialism resulted in too many squabbles and bottlenecks for democracy. The nation that Bismarck had welded together had the ingenuity to only work under a newly consolidated empire, not having been inculcated the necessary mindset for a democracy. It was never going to be easy for these fissiparous peoples to be administered a sudden dose of democracy, as by definition they had been inured to centuries of localism. By the end of that century, democracy was nowhere registered in the average German psyche. Of all these nations taken up for this study, it can be said that Britain had the highest form of democracy by the end of the 19th century; yet, here too, despite the Reform Acts, which could not be termed a great harbinger of democracy, it was nowhere near what may be termed a pure democracy, something that came so naturally to some of its colonies, principally America.

Module Five: The Sacraments Essay

Trace the development of the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist from the early church with special reference to how it is understood and celebrated in the Church since the Second Vatican Council. Assignment: 3. Trace the development of the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist from the early church with special reference to how it is understood and celebrated in the Church since the Second Vatican Council. We all have experience of ‘celebration’. When I think of a celebration what comes to mind are the external factors, the cake, candles, and the food. Sometimes we forget the real meaning of celebration, the story behind the festivity. The celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist is where we find our story. This essay will outline the development of the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist from the Early Church, paying particular focus on how the Eucharist is celebrated in the church since the Second Vatican Council. Sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church celebrate something, and that something is to do with God’s love and grace, experienced and related to one’s own story. (CCRS notes). Vatican II’s desire was to restore the sacraments back to the centre of Church life. The earliest celebration of the Eucharist were home Masses (Acts 2:46 says ‘they broke bread at home’) even with small numbers these early Christians were establishing the traditions for the future. There is clear evidence of Christ in the Eucharist. There is clear evidence of his unconditional love. What makes the bread sacred is not magic but the reality of the words. (Huebsch 1989). â€Å"For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you: The Lord Jesus, on the night he was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, â€Å"This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.† In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, â€Å"This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.†(Corinthians 11:23-30) The bread and wine for the early Christians was much more than a meal, it was a coming together of the  community of God, each time a reference is made about the bread or the wine it is a reference to the people of God. For Huebsch the early Christians like us today are accepting the whole community of God when receiving communion, all his people with their strengths and weakness. An important development for the celebration of the Eucharist was the movement from the ‘home Mass’ of the very early Church to the Eucharist of the larger p ublic buildings. The large basilicas allowed for processions. Sunday became a holiday, giving more time for Christians to celebrate. Liturgies became longer and more elaborate. In these early days, the celebrant at the liturgy had considerable freedom to compose their own prayers for the Mass. Soon, however, standardisation set in, as the various communities began to adopt the prayers of their more articulate celebrants. (Kellly:1998) In the Fourth century, Constantine’s toleration of Christianity (313) led to its rapid spread throughout the Roman Empire. This led to significant changes in the celebration of the Liturgy. Latin became the standard language of the liturgy. At first, the assemblies met in basilicas later they built and dedicated churches and the clergy grew in numbers. During this era, they began to wear special clerical clothes. The sacrificial aspect of the Eucharist grew in importance, while the meal symbolism faded into the background (Kelly: 1998). This period stressed Christ’s divinity; this led to the people feeling less worthy to approach the Lord. As a result, there was a decline in the reception of communion. Theologians in the Middle Ages debated the meaning of the â€Å"real presence† of Christ in the Eucharistic bread and wine. They used the term transubstantiation to describe the mystery of the bread and wine being changed into Jesus’ risen body and blood. The stress was on the sacrificial nature of the mass. There was a growing sense that the laity were spectators to a drama unfolding on the altar. This led to a feeling that the consecration was the high point of the Mass. Emphasis fell, not on receiving Jesus in communion, but on seeing and adoring the Eucharistic Lord. Since fewer laity were receiving communion, a small round wafer (called host) substituted the traditional loaf of bread. (CCRS notes). As so few were receiving Holy Communion, the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) passed a law that re quired Catholics to receive communion at least once a year. Practices that focused on Eucharistic devotion began to appear. These included Elevation of the Host  and chalice at Mass. The priest had his back to the people, he had to hold the host and chalice up high. People would sometimes call out, â€Å"Hold it higher, priest.† Some were so keen on this practice they would run from one church to another just to be there for the moment of consecration! (O’Deasss 2013) .The Eucharistic prayer was recited silently by the priest except for the words of consecration which were voiced a little louder but not so loud as to be heard by the people because the people couldn’t hear the Eucharistic prayer, and even if they could they would not understand the Latin, many filled in the time by reciting the rosary or other devotional prayers during Mass. (O’Deasss 2013) The sixteenth century brought about the Protestant Reformation. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) met to correct some of the abuses that had crept into the Church. It also defended some Catholic beliefs attacked by the Reformers. In the area of the Eucharist, the church fathers reaffirmed the real presence of Jesus and the adequacy of the theological term, transubstantiation. They also defended the sacrificial nature of the Mass against the Reformers. Most significantly, Pope Pius V published a Roman Missal (1570) to bring uniformity to the official ritual. The Church then used this for the next four hundred years. (CCRS notes) Since the reform of 1570, a lot more was discovered about the Eucharist of the early Church and this enabled Vatican II to restore the liturgy more accurately to the traditions that had been lost. Vatican II’s key document the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (1963) led to the renewal of all the Sacraments. Important changes that we take for granted today include the following; celebrating the Mass in the vernacular language so we can understand more fully what it means; the Liturgy of the Word has greater importance; Guidelines instruct the homilist to develop the homily based on the readings. The Sunday readings revolve around a three-year cycle; this emphasis has helped Catholics discover the scriptures. The altar now faces the people, this invites a clearer understanding of what is going on at the Eucharist, and it also symbolically opens the Mass to fuller participation by all those present. Today’s Mass includes the Prayer of the Faithful, which links the Eucharistic worship to the whole church, the world, and the suffering in the community. Active congregational participation is an important feature of the post-Vatican II liturgy. Before, we commonly spoke of â€Å"attending Mass.† Today, we emphasise, â€Å"celebrating the Eucharist.† The  Mass is not a private affair. It is public worship in which the community, led by the priest, joins in thanking, praising, and adoring God together. The laity assumes many ministerial roles today, for example, as readers, Eucharistic ministers, choir members, greeters, and gift bearers. Vatican II wished to make the Eucharist a celebration of the entire community. Many of the reforms help us better understand the symbolism and meaning of the mass. They also help us gather together as a worshipping community. (Kelly 1998). Pope John Paul 11 mentioned this vital connection when he stated: â€Å"the Eucharist makes the Church and the Church makes the Eucharist.† The council did encourage changes in the liturgy. However, many people have misinterpreted this message and have down played the importance of the Eucharist in the Church and in our personal lives. Some members of the Church will claim that this council stated that the Eucharist is merely a symbol, thus denying the Real Presence. On the contrary, almost every Vatican II document speaks of the Real Presence, and implies that we need to increase our devotion to Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament. â€Å"Really sharing in the body of the Lord in the breaking of the Eucharistic bread, we are taken up into communion with him and with one another.† (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) 1963) This essay has traced the development and celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist from the early Christian Church and has demonstrated that the focus at this time was sharing, participating, celebrating and making a personal connection with God. It has also explained that since the establishment and development of the early Catholic Church, the real meaning of the Eucharist was lost and people no longer felt connected to the sacraments. They were observers in the church rather than taking an active role. Since the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church attempted to involve the people and encourage them to experience Jesus’ real presence through the sacrament. â€Å"In brief, the Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith. Our way of thinking is attuned to the Eucharist, and the Eucharist in turn confirms our way of thinking.† (1327 Catechism) The celebration of the Eucharist is a call, a call of the risen Christ who continues to give himself to us calling us to his banquet, through this celebration we can participate in our faith more richly. As Pope Benedict  explained so passionately: â€Å"I encourage you all to discover ever more fully in the sacrament of Christ’s sacrificial love† (Paclva 2013). Bibliography Catholic Church. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Geoffrey Chapman.1994. CCRS notes Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) 1963 Good News Bible, Second edition 1994 The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium) 1963 O’Deasss,F: http://theeucharist.wordpress.com/the-author/ Eucharist the basic spiritually, 2013 Huebsch, B: Rethinking the sacraments, London, 1989 Pacliva, M: The Eucharist: A Bible study for Catholics, USA, 2013 Kelly, L: Sacraments Revisited, What do they mean today, 1998